Table 1.

General characteristics of the study participants and neuropsychological evaluation scores.

	Control (n = 40)	aMCI (n = 41)	AD (n = 28)
Mean age	65.4 (6.2)	68.3 (6.7)	68.3 (7.7)
Gender (Male/Female)	22/18	20/21	11/17
Education	10.4 (4.3)*	6.8 (5.1)	6.1 (5.2)#
Hypertension (w/o)	8/40	24/41	11/28
APOLIPOPROTEIN E STATUS
ε4 carriers	0	9	4
ε4 noncarriers	22	14	12
Unknown	18	18	12
MEAN GLOBAL SCORE
MMSE (Maximum 30)	28.6 (1.1)*	23.7 (4.9)#	14.6 (6.1)#$
Clinical dementia rating (CDR)	0.0 (0.0)*	0.5 (0.0)#	1.0 (0.6)#$
MEAN MEMORY SCORE
Word sequence learning-recall	3.4 (1.7)*	0.2 (0.4)#	0.0 (0.0)#
Visual reproduction II	12.1 (2.7)*	8.0 (2.9)#	5.3 (1.3)#$
Logic memory II	12.3 (2.8)*	6.7 (3.9)#	2.4 (1.1)#$
MEAN EXECUTIVE FUNCTION SCORE
Semantic association of verbal fluency	34.8 (7.1)*	28.7 (6.9)#	15.4 (7.4)#$
WCST-S completed categories	5.4 (1.1)*	3.4 (1.9)#	1.7 (2.9)#
WAIS-III digit symbol-scaled	10.7 (2.7)*	8.5 (3.3)	5.0 (2.7)#$
WAIS-III digit span-scaled	11.7 (2.8)*	9.8 (2.8)	7.6 (2.3)#
MEAN VISUOSPATIAL SCORE
3-D block construction models	28.7 (0.6)*	26.9 (3.7)	19.1 (10.1)#$
MEAN LANGUAGE SCORE
Object naming test	16.0 (0.0)*	15.9 (0.5)	13.1 (4.4)#$

Mean (standard deviation); MMSE, Mini–mental state examination; WCST-S, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-short form; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III;

^*indicates significant difference among three groups.

^#indicates significant difference between patients and normal controls.

^$indicates significant different between aMCI and AD patients.