Table 1.

Metabolic responses to freezing stress in wild type and adh1 mutant.

Compare	WT vs. adh1						A vs. CK				S vs. CK
Group	CK		A		S		adh1		WT		adh1		WT
Time	1 h	24 h	1 h	24 h	1 h	24 h	1 h	24 h	1 h	24 h	1 h	24 h	1 h	24 h
Glucopyranose	−1.83	−1.79	−0.36	0.02	−0.42	0.76	1.75	4.19	3.21	6.16	−0.20	2.05	1.21	4.60
Melibiose	0.45	−0.66	0.42	−1.55	0.36	0.36	3.93	0.61	3.90	1.12	2.39	2.07	2.29	3.09
Guanine	−0.64	−0.76	−0.37	1.45	0.33	0.33	0.50	1.71	0.77	1.95	−1.00	1.57	−0.04	2.67
Citric acid	−0.68	−0.63	0.04	−0.30	−0.08	−0.01	−0.15	0.98	0.58	1.58	0.41	2.00	1.02	2.62
Proline	−0.31	−0.51	−0.13	−0.16	0.31	0.50	4.14	3.37	4.31	4.08	−0.03	1.60	0.58	2.61
Malic acid	−0.44	−0.34	0.01	−0.40	0.06	0.00	−0.10	0.81	0.36	1.14	−0.54	2.11	−0.03	2.45
Sucrose	−3.88	−2.38	1.46	0.97	−0.64	−2.05	−3.27	2.19	2.06	1.47	−3.48	2.03	−0.24	2.35
Spermidine	−0.42	−1.41	−0.55	3.53	0.24	0.12	−1.27	1.59	−1.39	2.50	−1.70	0.78	−1.04	2.31
Threonic acid-1,4-lactone	−0.16	−0.48	0.01	1.47	0.47	0.59	1.76	3.05	1.92	2.68	0.00	1.16	0.64	2.22
Gluconic acid	0.16	−0.44	0.05	0.58	0.19	0.13	1.22	0.73	1.11	1.07	0.87	1.63	0.90	2.20
Glycine	−0.01	−0.20	1.13	−0.95	0.32	0.23	1.70	2.12	2.84	1.96	−0.73	1.72	−0.40	2.15
Alanine	−0.25	−0.32	0.34	−0.44	0.11	0.15	1.11	1.28	1.70	1.33	0.88	1.63	1.24	2.11
Gentiobiose	0.28	−0.70	0.23	−4.20	0.04	0.21	5.41	−0.83	5.36	0.16	1.94	1.16	1.70	2.07
Phenylalanine	−0.42	−0.33	−0.17	1.09	0.12	0.34	0.80	1.40	1.05	1.31	−0.18	1.38	0.36	2.06
Isoleucine	−0.27	−0.16	−0.11	0.89	0.23	0.39	1.06	1.34	1.22	1.13	−0.09	1.47	0.41	2.02
Tyrosine	−0.38	−0.34	0.18	0.09	0.74	0.16	1.03	1.23	1.59	0.98	−0.46	1.43	0.66	1.92
Fumaric acid	−0.55	0.57	1.00	−1.27	0.24	0.09	−0.76	−0.20	0.79	−1.23	0.05	2.41	0.84	1.92
Aspartic acid	−0.35	−0.65	0.22	−0.17	0.14	0.70	0.08	1.10	0.65	1.71	−0.43	0.50	0.07	1.85
Maltose	−0.23	−0.04	0.76	−1.84	0.32	−0.11	2.04	0.83	3.03	0.92	0.59	0.78	1.15	0.71
Leucine	−0.32	−0.16	−0.25	1.09	0.14	0.35	0.66	1.09	0.73	0.82	−0.07	1.29	0.39	1.81
beta-alanine	−0.11	−0.07	0.10	1.27	0.24	0.50	1.00	1.88	1.21	1.62	−0.41	1.20	−0.06	1.77
Valine	−0.23	−0.13	−0.13	0.66	0.16	0.38	1.10	1.16	1.21	0.98	0.19	1.21	0.59	1.72
Glycolic acid	−0.40	0.16	−0.07	−0.29	0.08	−0.10	0.26	0.53	0.59	0.90	−0.15	1.90	0.33	1.64
Threonic acid	−0.55	−0.24	−0.13	0.62	−0.08	0.07	0.02	0.35	0.44	0.64	0.22	1.28	0.69	1.59
Xylitol	−0.31	−0.03	0.27	0.97	−0.10	−0.04	−1.88	0.24	−1.30	0.19	−0.01	1.57	0.20	1.57
4-aminobutyric acid	−0.40	0.14	0.11	0.28	0.48	0.30	1.24	1.61	1.74	1.57	−0.20	1.30	0.67	1.46
Adenosine	−0.19	−0.09	0.25	0.55	0.11	0.32	0.00	1.53	0.43	1.59	−0.73	1.01	−0.44	1.42
Ribonic acid	−0.21	−0.33	−0.04	0.46	0.17	0.04	0.03	0.36	0.21	0.64	0.03	1.01	0.42	1.38
4-hydroxybutanoic acid	−0.14	−0.04	0.11	0.37	0.29	−0.04	0.59	0.77	0.84	0.52	−0.04	1.35	0.40	1.35
Phosphoric acid	0.85	−0.08	−1.15	1.54	0.35	−0.13	1.72	0.93	−0.28	1.06	0.27	1.36	−0.24	1.31
Fructose	−0.36	−0.18	0.24	−1.03	0.07	−0.19	1.26	0.55	1.86	0.57	0.21	1.29	0.64	1.29
Cellobiose	−0.25	−0.07	−0.87	0.28	0.35	−0.17	1.67	0.88	1.06	0.72	−0.42	1.33	0.18	1.23
Threonine	−0.15	−0.15	0.14	0.55	0.22	0.36	0.35	1.06	0.64	1.15	−0.28	0.70	0.10	1.21
Threitol	0.04	0.00	0.31	0.94	0.37	−0.03	−0.44	0.50	−0.17	0.36	0.18	1.22	0.51	1.19
Adenine	−0.30	−0.36	−0.31	1.04	0.21	0.29	0.82	0.86	0.82	0.75	−0.24	0.49	0.28	1.14
4-hydroxybenzoic acid	−0.10	0.23	−0.25	0.72	0.10	0.16	0.90	1.22	0.75	0.78	−0.17	1.19	0.03	1.13
Mannitol	−0.18	−0.13	0.01	0.27	0.17	−0.37	0.35	0.34	0.54	0.51	−0.27	1.34	0.08	1.10
N-Actyl glucosamine	−0.12	−0.04	0.26	0.26	0.17	−0.08	0.08	0.33	0.46	0.19	−0.23	1.14	0.06	1.09
2-Keto-L-gulonic acid	−2.53	0.28	−0.95	−0.86	−0.30	−0.25	−0.16	1.01	1.42	1.46	0.13	1.55	2.36	1.01
Asparagine	−0.81	−0.61	−0.31	1.95	0.45	−0.37	0.23	1.84	0.74	2.03	−1.43	0.33	−0.17	0.57
Salicylic acid-glucopyranoside	−0.45	0.22	0.22	−0.10	0.23	0.09	0.16	−0.03	0.83	−0.08	−0.05	1.12	0.63	0.99
Glyceric acid	−0.29	−0.04	0.05	0.63	−0.02	0.11	−0.63	0.46	−0.29	0.69	−0.68	0.79	−0.42	0.94
Xylose	−0.04	0.04	0.05	0.09	0.26	−0.07	0.72	0.58	0.81	0.19	−0.19	0.93	0.12	0.82
Glucaric acid	−0.42	0.08	−1.33	1.72	−0.35	−0.29	−0.01	0.80	−0.92	0.46	0.49	1.19	0.57	0.81
Inositol	−0.18	−0.15	0.07	−0.18	0.11	0.04	0.54	−0.02	0.80	0.12	−0.06	0.62	0.24	0.81
Shikimic acid	−0.18	0.13	0.68	1.44	−0.01	−0.19	−1.50	1.28	−0.64	1.11	−0.16	1.09	0.01	0.77
Glutamic acid	−0.21	−0.34	0.00	−0.57	0.02	0.49	0.52	−0.12	0.73	0.36	0.02	−0.11	0.24	0.73
Galactinol	−0.12	−0.05	0.16	−0.83	0.14	0.07	1.07	0.33	1.35	0.53	−0.17	0.59	0.10	0.71
Glycerol	−0.22	0.00	0.06	0.26	0.20	0.01	0.57	0.86	0.85	0.65	−0.22	0.70	0.20	0.70
Ethanolamine	−0.14	−0.05	0.18	0.14	0.16	0.34	0.06	0.49	0.38	0.57	−0.22	0.28	0.08	0.66
Lysine	−0.20	0.11	0.20	−0.26	0.20	−0.44	1.04	1.42	1.45	0.79	−0.12	1.21	0.28	0.65
Digalactosylglycerol	−0.17	0.00	0.09	−0.49	0.18	0.29	0.33	0.48	0.60	0.56	−0.29	0.34	0.06	0.63
6-hydroxy-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid	−0.03	0.05	0.30	0.38	0.28	0.46	−0.51	0.52	−0.18	0.58	−0.57	0.18	−0.26	0.59
1-Monohexadecanoylglycerol	0.13	−0.09	0.40	0.72	0.17	0.38	−0.71	−0.28	−0.44	−0.31	−0.52	0.10	−0.48	0.57
Homoserine	−0.18	0.65	−0.33	−0.65	−0.35	0.01	0.24	0.50	0.09	0.75	−0.22	1.19	−0.39	0.56
2,4,6-tri-tert.-butylbenzenethiol	−0.39	−0.05	−0.12	−0.10	0.19	0.39	−0.24	−0.13	0.02	0.86	−0.88	0.09	−0.31	0.53
Galactonic acid	0.47	−0.05	0.23	1.05	0.40	0.41	−0.54	0.20	−0.78	0.01	−0.42	0.05	−0.48	0.51
Glucose methoxyamine	−0.62	−0.54	−0.41	−0.08	−0.18	0.09	−0.72	−0.18	−0.51	0.85	−0.27	−0.16	0.17	0.48
2-O-Glycerol-beta-D-galactopyranoside	−0.16	−0.12	−0.56	1.04	0.09	0.00	0.00	0.18	−0.40	0.20	−0.28	0.32	−0.03	0.44
1-O-methyl-beta-D-Galactopyranoside	−0.15	−0.11	−0.98	0.11	0.08	0.03	1.42	0.22	0.59	0.17	−0.18	0.25	0.05	0.39
Serine	−0.20	−0.03	0.03	0.82	0.33	0.40	0.04	0.15	0.27	0.28	−0.54	−0.04	0.00	0.38
Maltotriose	−0.77	0.43	−0.62	0.02	0.15	−0.04	0.78	0.45	0.94	−0.06	−0.63	0.82	0.30	0.35
Sinapinic acid	−1.39	0.02	−0.12	0.09	0.50	0.01	−0.86	0.55	0.41	1.98	−1.44	0.33	0.45	0.33
Galactosylglycerol	−0.08	0.01	0.08	0.31	0.11	0.07	−0.21	−0.08	−0.05	−0.06	−0.10	0.25	0.09	0.30
Glucose	−0.23	0.00	−0.03	−0.46	0.04	−0.14	0.46	0.25	0.66	0.42	−0.12	0.44	0.15	0.30
n-Octadecanoic acid	−0.37	0.13	−0.05	−0.08	0.14	0.32	−0.37	−0.31	−0.05	0.31	−0.66	0.08	−0.15	0.27
Pentonic acid-1,4-lactone	0.07	0.15	0.33	−0.11	0.07	0.20	0.33	0.31	0.58	0.07	−0.22	0.19	−0.23	0.24
n-hexadecanoic acid	−0.35	0.22	−0.03	−0.24	0.14	0.34	−0.36	−0.40	−0.04	0.16	−0.64	0.05	−0.15	0.17
Succinic acid	−0.19	1.02	1.35	−1.24	0.28	0.01	0.14	0.82	1.68	0.07	−0.33	1.15	0.14	0.13
Uridine	−0.41	0.83	−1.41	−0.68	0.40	−1.81	4.60	0.66	2.60	−0.73	−0.34	3.75	0.47	0.12
Pyroglutamate	−0.26	0.50	0.41	−0.13	0.38	0.23	2.30	1.87	2.96	1.05	−0.06	0.25	0.57	−0.02
Lactic acid	−0.09	0.15	0.14	−0.55	0.61	−0.16	−0.09	0.49	0.14	0.59	0.12	0.08	0.82	−0.23
1,3-dimethylbenzene	−0.32	0.64	−0.02	−0.32	0.10	0.28	−0.17	−0.31	0.12	−0.22	−0.40	−0.02	0.02	−0.38
1,6-Anhydro-beta-D-glucose	0.27	−0.40	−0.29	−0.11	−0.47	0.13	1.58	−1.61	1.02	−1.26	2.11	−0.03	1.37	0.50
Maleic acid	−0.54	1.85	1.65	−1.23	0.39	−0.28	0.98	1.31	3.17	−0.87	−0.25	1.65	0.69	−0.48
Heptanoic acid	0.08	0.32	0.32	1.18	−0.24	0.04	−2.08	−0.95	−1.84	−1.01	−0.48	−0.41	−0.80	−0.69
2-methyl-Butanedioic acid	−0.10	2.64	1.95	−3.46	0.29	0.29	0.69	0.79	2.74	−1.47	0.38	0.70	0.76	−1.64
Glutaric acid	−0.06	4.15	2.84	−4.91	0.44	0.32	1.23	1.22	4.13	−2.49	0.52	0.72	1.02	−3.10

Index

Values are the logarithmic transformed fold change of selected metabolites on samples. Bolded figures represent significant difference between treatments of samples tested by the Student's t-test (p < 0.05). Different colors represent the increase (green) or decrease (red) in metabolite logarithmic fold change indicated in the color index (n = 6). A, cold acclimation samples treated −6°C 1 h and recovery at 23°C 24 h; CK, control samples living in 23°C always; S, cold shock samples treated −6°C 1 h and recovery at 23°C 24 h.