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Possible neuroprotective mechanisms underlying the effects of transcorneal electrical stimulation. The cellular structure in the figure represents an enlarged image of the retina. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CNTF, ciliary nerve trophic factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GS, glutamine synthetase; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; MCs, Müller cells; PG, primary microglia; RGCs, retinal ganglion cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.
