Figure 1.

ARV drugs induce APP and CNS damage in SIV⁺ macaques. Pigtail macaques were either uninfected, SIV⁺/placebo treated, or SIV⁺/antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated. Double-label confocal microscopy was used to capture images of hippocampal brain sections labeled for MAP2 (red) and APP (green). A: Representative images of one case per group stained with APP and MAP2 are shown. B: Quantification shows a significant increase in intraneuronal APP in SIV⁺/ART macaques compared to uninfected as well as SIV⁺/placebo controls. C: Fresh-frozen tissue sections of hippocampi from these animals were immunoblotted. Fast green was used as a loading control. D–G: Quantification of band densities from immunoblots shown in C. Data represent means ± SEM (B, C, D–G). n = 5 (uninfected and SIV⁺/ART-treated macaques); n = 6 (SIV⁺/placebo-treated macaques). ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance, Newman-Keuls post hoc). Scale bar = 20 μm (A).