. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Exp Child Psychol. 2015 Dec 30;144:166–183. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.023

Table 5.

Initial phonological awareness and phonological awareness slope as predictors of growth in letter knowledge during the preschool year using second-order latent growth models.

Predictor	Letter knowledge dependent variable
	Letter-name knowledge	Letter-sound knowledge
Initial letter-name knowledge	−.63^***	–
Initial letter-sound knowledge	–	−.06
Initial phonological awareness	.34^***	−.11
Slope phonological awareness	.46^***	.47^***
Receptive vocabulary	−.05	.13
Chronological age	−.02	.21^*
R² for slope parameter	.39^***	.31^**

Note. Phonological awareness is represented by the Composite factor.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.