Table 2. Mismatch distribution analysis (MDA) of the three cpDNA lineages of the D. versipellis-pleiantha complex (west, central-east: D. versipellis s. lat.; east: D. pleiantha) for pure demographic and spatial expansion models, tested with the sum of squared deviations (SSD) and Harpending’s⁷⁹ raggedness index (HRag) in arlequin .

Model	Lineage	Parameter (τ)	Expansion time (t) in yr BP	SSD	P	HRag	P	Fu’s FS	P	Tajima’s D	P
Demographic expansion	West	4.910 (0.207‒8.426)	NC	0.1349	0.05	0.368	0.01	−0.19	0.47	0.5	0.71
	Central-east	3.350 (1.455‒4.800)	482,750 (209,672‒691,702)	0.0005	0.92	0.015	0.87	−22.3	0.00	−1.59	0.02
	East	3.000 (0.512‒3.000)	432,314 (73,782‒432,314)	0.0000	0.47	0.562	0.67	−3.06	0.02	−1.24	0.07
Spatial expansion	West	4.270 (1.791‒7.839)	NC	0.0985	0.08	0.368	0.25	−0.19	0.45	0.50	0.74
	Central-east	2.474 (1.402‒4.207)	356,515 (202,034‒606,248)	0.0004	0.96	0.015	0.90	−22.3	0.00	−1.59	0.02
	East	0.255 (0.001‒1.035)	36,747 (114‒149,148)	0.0000	0.55	0.562	0.66	−3.06	0.02	−1.24	0.09

See Supplementary Fig. S1 for illustrations of mismatch distributions. Also shown are results of selective neutrality tests (Fu’s F_S, Tajima’s D). For the F_S test, P = 0.02 is considered to be significant at the α = 0.05 level⁵⁹,⁸⁰. NC, not calculated.