Table 1.

Mutational and multidrug resistant profiles of proteases isolated from HIV-infected patients

Mutation status	Nonsynonymous gene mutations found in the PR gene	Known resistance to PI drugs	Level of drug resistance to protease inhibitors
WT	None	None	None
M7	V32I, L33I, M36I, I54 V, A71 V, G73S, L90 M	IDV, SQV, RTV, NFV, ATV (APV, FOS, LPV, TPV)	Low
M10	L10I, I13 V, K20R, L33I, M36I, I54 M, A71T, G73S, I84 V, L90 M	APV, FOS, IDV, SQV, RTV, NFV, ATV, TPV (LPV)	High
M11	L10F, L33F, M46I, I54L, H69 K, A71 V, G73S, V77I, V82T, I84 V, L90 M	APV, FOS, IDV, SQV, RTV, NFV, ATV, TPV (LPV)	High

The three mutant HIV-1 PRs were isolated from the plasma samples of HIV-infected patients who were cared at the University of Maryland Medical Center. They carried seven (M7), ten (M10) and eleven (M11) PR gene mutations, respectively. The wildtype (WT) PR was derived from pNL4-3. The drug resistant profiles were generated in a CAP/CLIA accredited hospital laboratory as part of the clinical reports by using the ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System (Abbott Molecular, Chicago, IL). APV, Amprenavir; FOS, Fosamprenavir; IDV, Indinavir; SQV, Saquinavir; LPV, Lopinavir + Ritonavir; RTV, Ritonavir; NFV, Nelfinavir; ATV, Atazanavir; TPV, Tipranavir; Drugs in parenthesis indicate possible drug resistance