Table 4.
Risk factors for HBP in urban and rural adult population aged 25–64 years
| RURAL | URBAN | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | HBP n (%) | CORa (95%CI) | AORb (95% CI) | N | HBP n (%) | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Total | 3600 | 553 (17.05)c | 1029 | 245 (27.4)c | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 25 to 34 | 1635 | 147 (8.81) | 1 | 1.00 | 460 | 66 (14.16) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35 to 44 | 888 | 146 (15.76) | 1.93 (1.46–2.56)*** | 1.75 (1.25–2.47) ** | 276 | 59 (19.77) | 1.50 (0.96–2.32) | 1.40 (0.84–2.32) |
| 45 to 54 | 650 | 129 (20.16) | 2.61 (1.91–3.57)*** | 2.79 (1.91–4.07)*** | 184 | 62 (37.47) | 3.63 (2.24–5.88)*** | 3.03 (1.71–5.38)*** |
| 55 to 64 | 427 | 131 (30.37) | 4.52 (3.31–6.16)*** | 4.49 (2.99–6.73)*** | 109 | 58 (56.49) | 7.87 (4.58–13.52)*** | 7.71 (4.07–14.60)*** |
| Education | ||||||||
| None | 3067 | 470 (15.31) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 508 | 124 (25.05) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 438 | 61 (14.56) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 278 | 59 (24.46) | 0.96 (0.63–1.47) | 1.21 (0.72–2.00) |
| Secondary/Tertiary | 87 | 19 (21.74) | 1.53 (0.85–2.75) | 1.06 (0.54–2.07) | 243 | 62 (24.64) | 0.97 (0.64–1.49) | 1.05 (0.64–1.74) |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Single | 156 | 33 (22.05) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 171 | 26 (13.53) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | 3218 | 462 (14.63) | 0.61 (0.36–1.00) | 0.44 (0.24–0.81)** | 772 | 191 (25.88) | 2.23 (1.33–3.73)** | 1.29 (0.68–2.44) |
| Divorced/Widow | 222 | 57 (24.12) | 1.52 (0.62–2.03) | 0.73 (0.34–1.54) | 85 | 27 (35.17) | 3.46 (1.67–7.19) | 1.27 (0.47–3.39) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1773 | 314 (17.62) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 457 | 119 (26.60) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1827 | 239 (13.35) | 0.72 (0.58–0.89)** | 0.74 (0.55–1.00)* | 457 | 126 (23.52) | 0.86 (0.60–1.20) | 0.81 (0.53–1.23) |
| Family history of HBP | ||||||||
| Yes | 482 | 117 (23.57) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 339 | 111 (32.70) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 482 | 358 (13.97) | 0.53 (0.40–0.70)*** | 0.62 (0.45–0.83)** | 622 | 121 (20.85) | 0.54 (0.37–0.64)** | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) |
| Current smoking | ||||||||
| Yes | 447 | 56 (12.56) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 3152 | 497 (15.74) | 1.3 (0.93–1.82) | 1.52 (1.00–2.32) | ||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Low | 439 | 95 (19.35) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 237 | 71 (30.56) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 761 | 125 (17.26) | 0.86 (0.62–1.22) | 1.01 (0.68–1.51) | 331 | 68 (21.57) | 0.62 (0.39–0.99)* | 0.77 (0.45–1.30) |
| High(intense) | 1890 | 269 (14.31) | 0.62 (0.52–0.93)* | 0.84 (0.59–1.21) | 367 | 78 (22.92) | 0.67 (0.43–1.06) | 0.93 (0.55–1.58) |
| Main type of fat used | ||||||||
| None | 397 | 50 (11.32) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Vegetable oil | 2025 | 308 (14.76) | 1.36 (0.93–1.98) | 1.42 (0.89–2.27) | ||||
| Butter/lard/margarine | 1090 | 179 (17.83) | 1.70 (1.15–2.52)** | 1.98 (1.22–3.22)** | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| Underweight | 434 | 61 (14.35) | 1 | 1.00 | 66 | 9 (14.18) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Normal | 2 637 | 374 (14.23) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 1.02 (0.67–1.54) | 547 | 105 (19.7) | 1.48 (0.63–3.48) | 2.0 (0.77–5.18) |
| Overweight | 2 637 | 88 (24.47) | 1.93 (1.26–2.95)** | 1.87 (1.13–3.10)* | 252 | 65 (30.53) | 2.66 (1.10–6.42)* | 3.76 (1.41–10.06)** |
| Obese | 66 | 26 (42.36) | 4.38 (2.34–8.19)*** | 4.63 (2.21–9.69)*** | 129 | 63 (48.68) | 5.74 (2.31–14.26)*** | 8.01 (2.94–21.84)*** |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||||||
| High | 2782 | 389 (13.71) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 715 | 163 (24.29) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 2782 | 163 (21.20) | 1.70 (1.32–2.16)*** | 1.77 (1.31–2.40)*** | 292 | 77 (26.40) | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | 1.26 (0.81–1.94) |
a Crude Odds Ratios
b Adjusted Odds Ratios
c Prevalence adjusted to WHO world standard population