Table 2.

AKI studies

Reference	Study Location	Patient Population	ESA	Control	Subjects (Total and # in groups)	Renal Injury (AKI) Definition	Other Outcomes
Dardashti 2014 [24]	Sweden (Skåne University Hospital, Lund)	Patients scheduled for CABG with preexisting renal impairment	Epoetin zeta (400 IU/kg; Retacrit®) administered preoperative	Equivalent volume of saline	N = 70: ESA(35), control(35)	RIFLE on d3 based on eGFR using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula	No difference in Hb, transfusions, relative cystatin C, NGAL, creatinine, urea, or eGFR)
deSeigneux 2012 [76]	Switzerland (University Hospital, Geneva)	Patients admitted to the ICU for cardiac surgery	ESA Group 1 (20,000 IU; epoetin α), group 2 (40,000 UI epoetin α) & group 3 (control) 1 to 4 h post-surgery	Isotonic sodium chloride	N = 80: ESA group 1(20), ESA group 2(20), control(40)	AKIN from ICU admission to the following wk	No difference in Hb, creatinine, cystatin c, or urinary NGAL levels
Endre 2010 [26]	New Zealand (Christchurch or Dunedin Hospital)	Patients admitted to the ICU or high-risk patients scheduled for cardiothoracic surgery with CPB	ESA (500 U/kg (iv) to a maximum of 50,000 U), within 6 h of increased GGT AP and a second dose 2 h later	Equivalent volume of normal saline	N = 163: ESA(84), control(78)	AKIN classification in 7 days	No difference in any creatinine-based variables
Kim 2013 [27]	Korea (Yonsei University Health System, Seoul)	Patients with preoperative risk factors for AKI who were scheduled for complex valvular heart operations	Epoetin α (300 IU/kg (iv); Epocain) after anesthetic induction	Equivalent volume of normal saline.	N = 98: ESA(49), control(49)	An increase in serum creatinine >0.3 mg/dl or >50% from baseline:	No differences in Hb, sCr, eGFR, creatinine clearance, cystatin C or serum NGAL
Olweny 2012 [21]	USA (UT Southwestern, Houston, Texas)	Patients who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy	Epoetin α (500 IU/kg (iv) Procrit) 30 min prior to LPN	No ESA	N = 106: ESA(52), control(54).	NA	No difference in eGFR
Oh 2012 [16]	Korea, National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul	Patients scheduled for elective CABG	Epoetin β (300 U/kg Recormon) before CABG	Saline	N = 71: ESA(36,) control(35).	SCr ≥ 0.3 mg/dL from baseline, ≥50% increase in the sCr concentration in the first 72 h after CABG, or <0.5 mL/kg per hour of oliguria for more than six hr	sCr was not different from baseline in the ESA group, but was higher in the placebo group.
Park 2005 [20]	USA (surgical ICU), cardiothoracic ICU, or medical ICU at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, Missouri)	Patients scheduled for elective CABG	ESA (112 U/kg/week average) within the first 14 days of RRT initiation	No ESA	N = 187; ESA(71), control(116)	NA	No difference in transfusions. sCr at 2 weeks favored the ESA arm but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.054). No difference in renal recovery or renal survival
Tasanarong 2013 [28]	Thailand (Thammasat Chalerm Prakiat Hospital)	Patients scheduled for elective CABG using CPB	epoetin β (200 U/kg; Recormon) 3 d before CABG and 100 U/kg at the operation time.	Same volume & schedule of 0.9% saline	N = 100: ESA(50), control(50)	≥0.3 mg/dl or ≥50% increase in sCr from baseline within the first 48 h post-operation according to the KDIGO 2012 criteria.	No difference in Hb. sCr increase and eGFR decrease was lower in the ESA group. Mean urine NGAL group was lower in the ESA group 2 h & 18 h.
Yoo 2011 [29]	Korea (Yonsei University Health System, Seoul)	Patients scheduled for valvular heart surgery (VHS) with preoperative anemia	Epoetin α (500 IU/kg (iv); Epocain and 200 mg iron sucrose (iv)) 16-24 h pre-surgery	Equivalent volume of normal saline	N = 74: ESA(37), control(37)	Increased sCr of 0.3 mg/dl, or 50–200% from baseline, using modified RIFLE classification within 48 h after surgery	Reduced transfusions. No difference in mortality