Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis on the association between fish intake and the risk of brain tumor
| Author Year [Ref] | Duration | Design | Location | No. of case | Cohort size/contol | Dietary assessment | Pathology | Coparsions | RRs | Adjusted variables | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boeing H 1993 [21] | 1987–1988 | PCC | German | 115 | 418 | Questionnaire-42 items | Glioma | Tertile 1 | 1.00 | Age, gender, tobacco-smoking and alcohol consumption | 6 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.80 (0.40–1.50) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 0.70 (0.40–1.40) | ||||||||||
| Giles GG 1994 [24] | 1987–1991 | PCC | Australia | 409 | 409 | Questionnaire-59 items | Glioma | Tertile 1 | 1.00 | Alcohol and tobacco | 6 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 1.01 (0.68–1.51) | ||||||||||
| Blowers L 1997 [22] | 1986–1988 | PCC | USA | 94 | 94 | Questionnaire-43 items | Glioma | Quartile 1 | 1.00 | Total grams of food and body mass | 5 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.40 (0.20–0.90) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 3 | 0.40 (0.20–1.00) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 4 | 0.40 (0.20–1.10) | ||||||||||
| Kaplan S 1997 [25] | 1987–1991 | HCC | Israel | 139 | 278 | Semi-quantitative FFQ-100 items | Brain tumor | 0–22 g/day | 1.00 | age, sex, and ethnic origin, total energy intake | 5 |
| 22.1–57 g/day | 0.98 (0.60–1.39) | ||||||||||
| > = 57.1 g/day | 0.92 (0.54–1.36) | ||||||||||
| Hu J 1999 [23] | 1993–1995 | HCC | China | 129 | 258 | FFQ-57 items | Brain tumor | Quartile 1 | 1.00 | income, education, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, selected occupational exposures and total energy intake | 5 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 3 | 0.36 (0.20–0.80) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 4 | 0.38 (0.20–0.90) | ||||||||||
| Chen H 2002 [26] | 1988–1993 | PCC | USA | 236 | 449 | FFQ-48 items | Glioma | Quartile 1 | 1.00 | Age, age squared, gender, total energy intake, respondent type, education level, family history, and farming experience. | 6 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 3 | 0.70 (0.40–1.10) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 4 | 0.60 (0.30–1.20) | ||||||||||
| Hu J 2008 [27] | 1994–1997 | PCC | Canada | 1009 | 5039 | FFQ-69 items | Brain tumor | Tertile 1 | 1.00 | age group, province, education, body mass index, sex, alcohol use, pack-year smoking, total of vegetable and fruit intake, and total energy intake. | 6 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.90 (0.70–1.10) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 0.80 (0.60–1.00) | ||||||||||
| Terry MB 2009 [28] | 1984–1991 | PCC | Europe, Northern American and Australia | 1548 | 2486 | Dietary questionnaire | Brain tumor | Quartile 1 | 1.00 | Age, sex, center and the following food groups: leafy green vegetables, yellow–orange vegetables, cured meat, non-cured meat, fresh fish, dairy eggs, grains, and citrus fruit | 6 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.90 (0.80–1.10) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 3 | 0.90 (0.70–1.10) | ||||||||||
| Quartile 4 | 0.90 (0.70–1.10) | ||||||||||
| Daniel CR 2011 [29] | 1995–2006 | Cohort | USA | 749 | 492,186 | FFQ-124 items | Brain tumor | Quintile 1 | 1.00 | red meat intake, age, sex, education, marital status, family history of cancer, race, BMI, smoking status, frequency of vigorous physical activity, MHT in women, and intake of alcohol, fruit, vegetables, and total energy | 7 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.14 (0.91–1.45) | ||||||||||
| Quintile 3 | 1.04 (0.82–1.33) | ||||||||||
| Quintile 4 | 1.22 (0.97–1.55) | ||||||||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.05 (0.83–1.35) |
Abbreviations: FFQ food frequency questionnaire, PCC population-based case-control study, HCC hospital-based case-control study, BMI body mass index, MHT menopausal hormone therapy