Table 2.
Risk factors | Classic modela | Enhanced model with control beliefsb | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Demographics | ||||
Age in years: | ||||
50–59 | 1 | ― | 1 | ― |
60–64 | 1.61 (1.09–2.36) | 0.016 | 1.66 (1.13–2.45) | 0.010 |
65–69 | 2.57 (1.85–3.57) | <0.001 | 2.68 (1.92–3.73) | <0.001 |
70–74 | 3.10 (2.22–4.34) | <0.001 | 3.22 (2.30–4.50) | <0.001 |
75–79 | 4.44 (3.17–6.21) | <0.001 | 4.64 (3.31–6.51) | <0.001 |
80–84 | 6.65 (4.71–9.39) | <0.001 | 6.74 (4.76–9.53) | <0.001 |
≥ 85 | 14.4 (10.2–20.4) | <0.001 | 14.5 (10.2–20.5) | <0.001 |
Male | 1.84 (1.56–2.17) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.57–2.18) | <0.001 |
Health conditions & behaviors | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.64(1.37–1.97) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.36–1.97) | <0.001 |
Heart failure | 2.43 (1.81–3.27) | <0.001 | 2.37 (1.76–3.19) | <0.001 |
Cancer | 1.54 (1.27–1.86) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.26–1.84) | <0.001 |
Lung disease | 1.61 (1.29–2.00) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.27–1.97) | <0.001 |
BMI <25 kg/m2 | 1.69 (1.40–2.05) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.41–2.06) | <0.001 |
Current smoker | 1.89 (1.50–2.39) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.45–2.31) | <0.001 |
Functional impairments | ||||
Bathing | 2.14 (1.62–2.84) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.51–2.64) | <0.001 |
Managing finances | 1.40 (1.02–1.93) | 0.035 | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) | 0.136 |
Walking several blocks | 2.11 (1.75–2.56) | <0.001 | 1.97 (1.62–2.39) | <0.001 |
Push/pulling large object | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) | 0.056 | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 0.252 |
Control beliefs | ||||
Perceived constraintsc: | ||||
1st Quartile | ― | ― | 1 | ― |
2nd Quartile | ― | ― | 1.14 (0.86–1.51) | 0.365 |
3rd Quartile | ― | ― | 1.37 (1.03–1.81) | 0.029 |
4th Quartile | ― | ― | 1.45 (1.09–1.92) | 0.010 |
Perceived masteryc: | ||||
1st Quartile | ― | ― | 1 | ― |
2nd Quartile | ― | ― | 0.79 (0.62–0.99) | 0.039 |
3rd Quartile | ― | ― | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 0.200 |
4th Quartile | ― | ― | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 0.691 |
Health-specific controlc: | ||||
1st Quartile | ― | ― | 1 | ― |
2nd Quartile | ― | ― | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.006 |
3rd Quartile | ― | ― | 0.69 (0.54–0.89) | 0.004 |
4th Quartile | ― | ― | 0.78 (0.61–0.99) | 0.010 |
OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; BMI = body mass index
aIncludes all risk factors from model developed by Lee et al. [3]
bIncludes all risk factors from model developed by Lee et al. [3] and 3 control belief variables (perceived constraints, perceived mastery, and health-specific control)
cScores divided into quartiles, see Methods