Table 1.
Maternal Characteristics
| Never smokers N=748,055 |
Quit in the 1st trimester N=57,017 |
Quit by the 2nd trimester N=23,278 |
Quit by the 3rd trimester N=9,515 |
Smoked throughout pregnancy N=141,333 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Factors | |||||
| Mother's Race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 554,477 (74.1%) |
47,384 (83.1%) |
18,882 (81.1%) |
7,679 (80.7%) |
121,297 (85.8%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 130,316 (17.4%) |
7,103 (12.5%) |
3,397 (14.6%) |
1,496 (15.7%) |
16,309 (11.5%) |
| Hispanic | 38,779 (5.2%) |
1,971 (3.5%) |
791 (3.4%) |
271 (2.8%) |
2,784 (2.0%) |
| Other | 23,162 (3.1%) |
495 (0.9%) |
175 (0.8%) |
51 (0.5%) |
692 (0.5%) |
| Primiparous | 295,599 (40.2%) |
28,776 (51.3%) |
11,542 (50.5%) |
4,312 (46.1%) |
43,912 (31.6%) |
| Maternal Age Group | |||||
| <20 | 66,905 (8.9%) |
6,508 (11.4%) |
3,767 (16.2%) |
1,615 (17.0%) |
17,804 (12.6%) |
| 20–34 | 576,966 (77.1%) |
46,794 (82.1%) |
18,252 (78.4%) |
7,354 (77.3%) |
113,906 (80.6%) |
| ≥35 | 104,184 (13.9%) |
3,715 (6.5%) |
1,259 (5.4%) |
546 (5.7%) |
9,623 (6.8%) |
| Socioeconomic Factors | |||||
| Less Than High School Diploma | 100,434 (13.4%) |
7,651 (13.4%) |
4,543 (19.5%) |
2,384 (25.1%) |
45,239 (32.0%) |
| Married | 492,589 (65.9%) |
25,432 (44.6%) |
7,229 (31.1%) |
2,417 (25.4%) |
40,451 (28.6%) |
| WICa | 257,374 (34.4%) |
28,180 (49.4%) |
14,050 (60.4%) |
6,175 (64.9%) |
96,173 (68.1%) |
| Medicaid | 216,961 (29.0%) |
25,180 (44.2%) |
13,108 (56.3%) |
6,145 (64.6%) |
96,713 (68.4%) |
| Prenatal Care | |||||
| Limited Prenatal Care (≤5 visits) | 54,472 (7.3%) |
3,583 (6.3%) |
1,878 (8.1%) |
1,114 (11.7%) |
17,911 (12.7%) |
| Early Initiation: First Visit ≤12 weeks Gestation |
428,750 (57.3%) |
34,163 (59.9%) |
11,979 (51.5%) |
4,376 (46.0%) |
65,956 (46.7%) |
| Late Initiation: First Visit >20 weeks Gestation |
44,144 (5.9%) |
2,903 (5.1%) |
1,684 (7.2%) |
855 (9.0%) |
12,883 (9.1%) |
| No Prenatal Care | 10,265 (1.4%) |
636 (1.1%) |
321 (1.4%) |
207 (2.2%) |
4,104 (2.9%) |
| Pregnancy Characteristics | |||||
| Previous Pre-term Birth | 25,043 (3.4%) |
1,689 (3.0%) |
784 (3.4%) |
492 (5.2%) |
7,527 (5.3%) |
| Multiple Gestation | 29,436 (3.9%) |
1,970 (3.5%) |
750 (3.2%) |
364 (3.8%) |
3,695 (2.6%) |
| Initiated Breastfeeding After Birth | 508,226 (67.9%) |
34,719 (60.9%) |
12,923 (55.5%) |
4,581 (48.2%) |
52,368 (37.1%) |
| Smoking ≥ 1ppd (≥20 cigarettes/day) |
0 | 17,822 (31.3%) |
10,280 (44.2%) |
5,035 (52.9%) |
81,072 (57.4%) |
| Medical Factors | |||||
| Underweight (prepregnancy) BMI <18.5 |
25,315 (3.4%) |
2,574 (4.5%) |
1,357 (5.8%) |
649 (6.8%) |
10,410 (7.4%) |
| Normal weight(prepregnancy) BMI 18.5–24.9 |
345,295 (46.2%) |
25,804 (45.3%) |
10,344 (44.4%) |
4,236 (44.5%) |
61,201 (43.3%) |
| Overweight (prepregnancy) BMI 25–29.9 |
172,334 (23.0%) |
13,448 (23.6%) |
5,206 (22.4%) |
1,957 (20.6%) |
30,563 (21.6%) |
| Obese (prepregnancy) BMI ≥30 |
205,111 (27.4%) |
15,191 (26.6%) |
6,371 (27.4%) |
2,673 (28.1%) |
39,159 (27.7%) |
| Pre-gestational Diabetes | 5,983 (0.8%) |
442 (0.8%) |
223 (1.0%) |
87 (0.9%) |
1,301 (0.9%) |
| Gestational Diabetes | 41,418 (5.5%) |
3,348 (5.9%) |
1,323 (5.7%) |
533 (5.6%) |
6,857 (4.9%) |
| Chronic Hypertension | 14,446 (1.9%) |
1,049 (1.8%) |
414 (1.8%) |
214 (2.3%) |
2,456 (1.7%) |
| Gestational Hypertension/ Preeclampsia |
35,981 (4.8%) |
2,993 (5.3%) |
1,167 (5.0%) |
410 (4.3%) |
4,820 (3.4%) |
All comparisons are statistically significant at p-value ≤0.001 for the X2 statistic corresponding to the 5 smoking group comparison for each maternal characteristic in this table.
Dichotomous variables are presented as percent of n for corresponding smoking group.
a
WIC - The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides Federal grants to States for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk.