(A) Changes in hippocampal mRNA expression of neuro inflammation cytokines, from left to right, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and ICAM-1. (B) Synaptic plasticity markers ChAT, GAP43, and Egr-1. (C) Down Syndrome-related genes Dscr1L, Dscr3, and DSCAM. (D) Obesity related genes Lep and LRP1. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3 per group, duplicate experiments were performed).The relative transcript levels were normalized to the expression level of GAPDH mRNA. *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01, ***, p<0.001, and ****, p<0.0001.