Table 2.
Overview of the spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic 3DGA parameters that responded significantly different to walking with added weight between typically developing (TD) children and children from the full CP group, CP children with adequate strength (aCP), and CP children with moderate strength (mCP).
| TD |
CP |
aCP |
mCP |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3DGA parameter | Weight-free (±SE) | Weighted (±SE) | Weight-free (±SE) | Weighted (±SE) | Weight-free (±SE) | Weighted (±SE) | Weight-free (±SE) | Weighted (±SE) |
| Step length (m) | 0.54 (0.02) | 0.57 (0.03) | 0.46 (0.02) | 0.44 (0.02) | 0.49 (0.02) | 0.48 (0.02) | 0.42 (0.02) | 0.39 (0.03) |
| Walking velocity (m/s) | 1.17 (0.03) | 1.28 (0.06) | 1.03 (0.04) | 0.94 (0.04) | 1.09 (0.04) | 1.02 (0.05) | 0.94 (0.06) | 0.83 (0.06) |
| Stride length (m) | 1.07 (0.03) | 1.14 (0.05) | 0.95 (0.03) | 0.89 (0.04) | 1.03 (0.04) | 0.96 (0.04) | 0.84 (0.04) | 0.78 (0.05) |
| Duration of double support (s) | 0.18 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.01) | 0.22 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.24 (0.03) |
| Timing of foot-off (% GC) | 59.4 (0.5) | 58.9 (0.4) | 57.9 (0.7) | 60.6 (0.7) | 58.48 (0.95) | 60.35 (0.89) | 57.18 (1.07) | 60.96 (1.09) |
| Pelvic rom, cor (°) | 7.3 (0.4) | 8.0 (0.4) | 11.6 (0.7) | 9.2 (0.6) | 11.57 (1.05) | 9.29 (0.89) | 11.52 (0.92) | 8.97 (0.88) |
| Max hip fl swing (°) | 35.3 (1.1) | 39.1 (1.2) | 44.6 (1.6) | 44.9 (1.6) | 44.15 (2.37) | 45.41 (2.24) | 45.16 (1.90) | 44.28 (2.16) |
| Hip rom, sag (°) | 45.3 (1.1) | 50.1 (1.3) | 46.9 (1.5) | 48.1 (1.8) | 47.22 (2.50) | 47.26 (2.58) | 46.54 (1.37) | 49.17 (2.52) |
| Hip rom, cor (°) | 12.6 (0.7) | 14.1 (0.6) | 14.4 (0.7) | 13.6 (0.9) | 14.68 (1.12) | 13.22 (1.15) | 13.98 (0.83) | 14.09 (1.34) |
| Hip rom, trans (°) | 21.3 (1.0) | 25.6 (1.6) | 21.7 (1.1) | 20.1 (1.0) | 23.47 (1.10) | 21.63 (0.85) | 19.40 (1.91) | 18.03 (1.99) |
| Max hip fl vel in swing (°/s) | 220.5 (6.6) | 251.5 (10.0) | 223.6 (9.1) | 229.8 (11.2) | 226.1 (14.2) | 229.3 (16.8) | 220.5 (10.5) | 230.5 (14.6) |
| Max plfl vel at toe-off (°/s) | 161.9 (12.8) | 200.9 (10.2) | 127.0 (7.8) | 121.2 (9.8) | 128.4 (10.4) | 116.0 (10.5) | 125.1 (12.2) | 128.1 (18.3) |
| Max hip ext moment in stance (Nm) | 0.50 (0.08) | 0.98 (0.07) | 0.99 (0.07) | 0.80 (0.07) | 1.11 (0.09) | 0.90 (0.09) | 0.79 (0.09) | 0.62 (0.10) |
| Max hip power gen in stance (W) | 0.49 (0.09) | 0.76 (0.07) | 1.36 (0.16) | 1.07 (0.14) | 1.42 (0.22) | 1.18 (0.20) | 1.25 (0.21) | 0.88 (0.15) |
| Max hip power abs in stance (W) | -0.69 (0.05) | -0.97 (0.08) | -0.97 (0.09) | -0.94 (0.09) | -0.99 (0.11) | -1.01 (0.12) | -0.92 (0.16) | -0.82 (0.14) |
| Max hip power gen at toe-off (W) | 1.30 (0.09) | 1.65 (0.16) | 1.15 (0.11) | 1.08 (0.14) | 1.32 (0.14) | 1.33 (0.19) | 0.85 (0.16) | 0.63 (0.10) |
| Max knee power gen in stance (W) | 0.54 (0.06) | 0.99 (0.13) | 0.89 (0.14) | 0.89 (0.16) | 1.00 (0.20) | 1.01 (0.23) | 0.69 (0.13) | 0.67 (0.11) |
| Max ankle power abs at loading response (W) | -0.63 (0.08) | -0.73 (0.08) | -0.96 (0.09) | -0.82 (0.08) | -0.95 (0.12) | -0.83 (0.10) | -0.97 (0.15) | -0.81 (0.14) |
The values of these parameters for both baseline (weight-free) walking trials and weighted walking trials are presented.
TD, typically developing; CP, cerebral palsy; 3DGA, 3D gait analysis; SE, standard error; rom, range of motion; cor, coronal plane; sag, sagittal plane; trans, transversal plane; max, maximal; fl, flexion; plfl, plantarflexion; ext, extension; vel, velocity; gen, generation; abs, absorption.