Table 1.

Risk estimates for all-cause mortality by exposure domain.

Exposure domain	Relative risk (95% CI)	Exposure	Age group	Study design	Reference
Physical activitya	0.81 (0.76, 0.85)	11 versus 0 MET hr/week	≥ 20 years	Meta-analysis	Woodcock et al. 2011
Air pollutionb	1.07 (1.04, 1.09)	Per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure	≥ 20 years	Meta-analysis	WHO Regional Office for Europe 2014b
Noisec	1.04 (1.00, 1.07)	Daytime traffic noise LAeq,16hr > 60 dB(A) versus < 55 dB(A)	≥ 25 years	Ecological study	Halonen et al. 2015
Heatd	1.19 (1.16, 1.23)	99th versus 74th temperature percentile	NA	Time-series study	Guo et al. 2014
Green spacee	0.99 (0.98, 1.01)	Per 10% increase in greenness	≥ 18 years	Meta-analysis	Gascon et al. 2015
Notes: CI, confidence interval; dB(A), A-weighted average sound pressure decibel levels; LAeq, A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels in decibels; MET, metabolic equivalent of task (1 MET = 1 kcal/kg/hr); NA, not available; PM2.5, particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm. aMortality effect of physical activity modeled with a curvilinear exposure response function, applying a 0.25 power transformation. bMortality effect of air pollution modeled with a linear exposure response function. cMortality effect of noise modeled with a logarithmic exposure response function. dMortality effect of heat modeled with a linear exposure response function after determining the minimum mortality percentile (74th temperature percentile) of daily mean temperature at 21.8°C. eMortality effect of greenness [defined as green space surface in percent (%GS)] modeled with a linear exposure response function.