Table 3. Risk factors for acute cholangitis with multi-resistant pathogens* in the bile.
| With multi-resistant pathogens* (n = 24) | Without multi-resistant pathogens (N = 59) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex male (n) | 20 (83.3%) | 35 (59.3%) | P = 0.043 |
| Admitted to ICU (n) | 2 (8.3%) | 8 (13.6%) | P = 0.401 |
| Age (years) | 67.5 (61.75; 71.5) | 69 (59; 79) | P = 0.527 |
| Length of stay (days) | 12.5 (6.75; 21) | 8 (6; 15.5) | P = 0.177 |
| Hospital associated (n) | 14 (58.3%) | 14 (32.2%) | P = 0.047 |
| WBC (GPT/l) | 8.9 (4.7; 11.5) | 10.5 (7.0; 15.1) | P = 0.014 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 95.7 (67.7; 170.8) | 79.9 (34.7; 166.4) | P = 0.241 |
| ALT (μmol/l×s) | 0.98 (0.58; 1.59) | 1.07 (0.71; 2.12) | P = 0.248 |
| AST (μmol/l×s) | 0.93 (0.56; 1.70) | 1.19 (0.64; 2.30) | P = 0.490 |
| AP (μmol/l×s) | 7.21 (4.21; 9.47) | 3.20 (1.99; 5.69) | P = 0.021 |
| GGT (μmol/l×s) | 11.10 (3,82; 18.18) | 5.88 (2.58; 11.1) | P = 0.040 |
| Bilirubin (μmol/l) | 40.2 (14.5; 98.3) | 49.5 (21.0; 121.8) | P = 0.657 |
| Prior ERCP | 19 (79.2%) | 33 (55.9%) | P = 0.092 |
| Prior biliary stent | 18 (75.0%) | 26 (44.1%) | P = 0.025 |
| Prior papillotomy | 19 (79.2%) | 32 (54.2%) | P = 0.072 |
| PSC | 0 | 5 (8.5%) | P = 1.000 |
| Choledocholithiasis | 10 (41.7%) | 36 (61.0%) | P = 0.145 |
| Biliary cancer | 7 (29.2%) | 7 (11.9%) | P = 0.102 |
| Biliary obstruction at ERCP | 19 (79.2%) | 36 (61.0%) | P = 0.781 |
| Previous cholecystectomy | 12 (50.0%) | 24 (40.7%) | P = 0.296 |
| Immunosuppression | 8 (33.3%) | 8 (13.6%) | P = 0.063 |
| Antibiotics 14 days before admission | 10 (41.7%) | 9 (15.3%) | P = 0.012 |
| Positive blood cultures | 14 (58.3%) | 14 (23.7%) | P = 0.019 |
| Blood cultures with MDR bacteria or fungi** | 5 (20.8%) | 1 (1.7%) | P = 0.007 |
* ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (N = 13), VRE (N = 7) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N = 4) in the bile.
** ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (N = 3), MRSA (N = 1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N = 1) or Candida albicans (N = 1) in the blood.