Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population by hepatic insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) quartiles.
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 300 | n = 300 | n = 299 | n = 301 | ||
| Age (years) | 52.8 ± 9.7 | 54.0 ± 9.2 | 53.4 ± 8.9a | 54.1 ± 9.3 | 0.365 |
| Gender (men, %) | 143 (47.7) | 145 (48.3) | 143 (47.8) | 144 (47.8) | 0.999 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 3.2 | 27.8 ± 3.6a | 29.7 ± 4.1a,b | 31.2 ± 4.6a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Visceral AT (cm2) | 109 (80–141) | 140 (106–176)a | 163 (131–201)a,b | 188 (153–229)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 112 ± 16 | 117 ± 18 | 119 ± 17a | 124 ± 19a | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 69 ± 9 | 72 ± 9a | 74 ± 9a | 75 ± 10a,b | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.05 ± 0.78 | 3.10 ± 0.80 | 3.08 ± 0.85 | 3.08 ± 0.91 | 0.758 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.33 ± 0.36 | 1.22 ± 0.34 | 1.15 ± 0.33a,b | 1.08 ± 0.29a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.37 (1.02–1.83) | 1.65 (1.20–2.25)a | 1.80 (1.35–2.38)a,b | 1.98 (1.49–2.77)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 (4.4–4.9) | 4.88 (4.6–5.2)a | 5.21 (4.8–5.6)a,b | 5.72 (5.2–7.3)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Insulin (μIU/L) | 9.92 (7.9–11) | 15.5 (14–17)a | 21.1 (19–24)a,b | 30.5 (26–37)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/l) | 0.54 (0.42–0.67) | 0.56 (0.44–0.68)a | 0.56 (0.43–0.71)a | 0.60 (0.50–0.80)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.13 (1.7–2.5) | 3.35 (3.0–3.7)a | 4.91 (4.4–5.4)a,b | 7.96 (6.8–9.9)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Adipo-IR | 5.1 (3.5–6.9) | 8.6 (6.7–10.4)a | 12.1 (8.8–15.1)a,b | 18.2 (13.0–25.0)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mmol/L) | 9.9 (6.0–20.0) | 13.8 (10.0–35.0)a | 18.7 (10.0–35.0)a,b | 23.8 (11.0–40.0)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 10.6 (6.6–16.9) | 8.3 (5.5–13.6)a | 7.3 (4.7–11.1)a,b | 5.6 (3.5–9.3)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.9 ± 8.5 | 99.4 ± 8.2 | 100 ± 8.1 | 100 ± 12.1 | 0.818 |
| Physical activity index | 8.0 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.2a | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.2a,b | <0.001 |
| Current smoking (%) | 69 (23) | 70 (23.3) | 69 (23.1) | 62 (20.6) | 0.839 |
| Statin use (%) | 23 (7.7) | 32 (10.7) | 26 (8.7) | 25 (8.3) | 0.600 |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 9 (3) | 14 (4.7) | 39 (13.0)b | 98 (32.6)a,b,c | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number of subjects (percentage). BMI: body mass index; AT: adipose tissue; BP: blood pressure; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; Adipo-IR: adipose tissue insulin resistance; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. HOMA-IR range: Q1: <2.78; Q2: 2.78–4.11; Q3: 4.12–6.01; Q4: >6.01 for men and Q1: <2.71; Q2: 2.71–3.96; Q3: 3.97–5.85; Q4: >5.85 for women. ap < 0.05 versus Q1, bp < 0.05 versus Q2, and cp < 0.05 versus Q3.