Table 3.
Characteristics of the study population by adipose tissue insulin resistance quartiles.
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 300 | n = 299 | n = 302 | n = 300 | ||
| Age (years) | 52.5 ± 9.4 | 54.1 ± 9.0 | 54.5 ± 8.9 | 53.4 ± 9.8 | 0.660 |
| Gender (men, %) | 144 (48) | 144 (48.2) | 144 (47.7) | 144 (48) | 0.990 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 3.5 | 28.0 ± 3.9a | 28.9 ± 3.7a | 31.4 ± 4.5a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Visceral AT (cm2) | 109 (82–150) | 144 (109–180)a | 162 (126–205)a,b | 181 (150–230)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 112 ± 16 | 117 ± 17 | 120 ± 18a | 123 ± 19a,b | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 69 ± 9 | 72 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 75 ± 10a,b | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.05 ± 0.27 | 3.08 ± 0.82 | 3.18 ± 0.88 | 3.03 ± 0.85 | 0.784 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.28 ± 0.37 | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 1.19 ± 0.33 | 1.10 ± 0.33a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.42 (1.04–1.89) | 1.67 (1.22–2.18)a | 1.81 (1.33–2.46)a,b | 1.94 (1.46–2.72)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.77 (4.50–5.11) | 4.99 (4.70–5.30)a | 5.10 (4.80–5.60)a | 5.40 (4.90–6.10)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Insulin (µIU/L) | 10.7 (7.9–13) | 14.9 (12–18)a | 20.0 (17–24)a,b | 29.3 (23–36)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/l) | 0.42 (0.32–0.53) | 0.54 (0.44–0.65)a | 0.60 (0.48–0.72)a,b | 0.70 (0.60–0.80)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.28 (1.70–2.90) | 3.36 (2.70–4.50)a | 4.70 (3.70–5.70)a,b | 7.22 (5.40–9.60)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Adipo-IR | 4.46 (3.30–5.40) | 7.98 (7.10–8.90)a | 11.8 (10.30–13.40)a,b | 19.9 (17.0–25.0)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mmol/L) | 10.4 (6.0–19.0) | 15.4 (8.0–31.0)a | 17.6 (10.0–33.0)a | 21.9 (11.0–39.0)a,b | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 9.2 (6.2–15.3) | 8.6 (5.2–13.7)a | 7.1 (4.6–11.6)a,b | 6.4 (3.8–9.9)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 100 ± 7.9 | 99.8 ± 8.4 | 102 ± 8.3 | 100 ± 12 | 0.398 |
| Physical activity index | 8.15 ± 1.2 | 7.79 ± 1.3 | 7.90 ± 1.2 | 7.71 ± 1.2a | 0.029 |
| Current smoking (%) | 76 (25.3) | 61 (20.4) | 71 (23.5) | 62 (20.7) | 0.408 |
| Statin use (%) | 23 (7.67) | 33 (11) | 29 (9.6) | 21 (7) | 0.285 |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 24 (8) | 37 (12.4)a | 42 (13.9)a | 58 (19.33)a,b | 0.001 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number of subjects (percentage). BMI: body mass index; AT: adipose tissue; BP: blood pressure; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; Adipo-IR: adipose tissue insulin resistance; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. Adipo-IR range: Q1: <5.57; Q2: 5.57–8.58; Q3: 8.59–12.48; Q4: >12.48 for men and Q1: <6.98; Q2: 6.98–10.89; Q3: 10.60–16.22; Q4: >16.23 for women. ap < 0.05 versus Q1, bp < 0.05 versus Q2, and cp < 0.05 versus Q3.