Table 1. Gut microbiota associated with obesity.

Microbes	Mechanisms	References
Bacteroidetes /Firmicutes ratio↓	Enhance dietary energy recovery	Ley et al (2005, 2006)
Methanobrevibacter smithii↓	Increase energy harvest	Samuel et al (2007)
Bacteroidetes /Firmicutes ratio↑	Increase SCFA levels	Schwiertz et al (2010)
Bacteroides (B.) cellulosilyticus↓	High invasiveness into the gut	Ridaura et al (2013)
B. vulgatus↓ B. thetaiotaomicron↓
B. caccae↓ B. uniformis↓
Akkermansia muciniphila↓	Improve glucose homeostasis	Santacruz et al (2010)
Bacteroides acidifacients↓	Activate lipid oxidation	Yang et al (2016)