Table 4. Hazard ratios for death from all-cause and cardiovascular causes according to physical indicators*.
| Indicators | Entire cohort |
Participants without CVD at baseline |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular death |
All-cause death |
Cardiovascular death |
All-cause death |
|||||
| 95% CI | P-value | 95% CI | P-value | 95% CI | P-value | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Framingham risk score | ||||||||
| 1-SD increase | 2.7 (1.7–4.4) | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) | 0.024 | 1.6 (1.3–2.2) | <0.001 |
| <10% | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| 10%–20% | 2.5 (0.6–10.4) | 0.213 | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 0.130 | 1.7 (0.3–8.3) | 0.529 | 2.0 (0.9–4.2) | 0.086 |
| ≥0% | 6.5 (1.8–23.1) | 0.004 | 3.4 (1.9–6.1) | <0.001 | 3.0 (0.7–12.7) | 0.128 | 3.1 (1.5–6.3) | 0.002 |
| High-sensitivity CRP† | ||||||||
| 1-SD increase | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | 0.001 | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | <0.001 | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 0.007 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 0.001 |
| >3.0 mg/l‡§ | 3.4 (1.4–8.3) | 0.008 | 2.6 (1.6–4.3) | <0.001 | 3.0 (0.9–10.2) | 0.077 | 2.1 (1.1–3.8) | 0.02 |
| Dominant handgrip strength† | ||||||||
| 1-SD increase | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.004 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.007 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 |
| <14.3 kg women, <22.4 kg men‡ | 4.3 (1.6–11.3) | 0.004 | 3.8 (2.2–6.5) | <0.001 | 7.3 (2.0–26.8) | 0.003 | 5.2 (2.7–10.0) | <0.001 |
| <16.0 kg women <28.0 kg men§ | 4.2 (1.5–11.5) | 0.006 | 3.1 (1.8–5.4) | <0.0001 | 8.5 (2.2–32.2) | 0.002 | 4.1 (2.1–7.9) | <0.0001 |
| Relative handgrip strength* | ||||||||
| 1-SD increase | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.006 | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.006 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 |
| <0.79 women, <1.32 men‡ | 1.1 (0.1–8.6) | 0.914 | 2.3 (1.0–5.2) | 0.050 | 0.0 (0.0–NR) | 0.995 | 2.4(0.8–7.1) | 0.121 |
| <1.40 women, <2.34 men§ | 3.4 (1.2–9.5) | 0.017 | 3.9 (2.2–7.0) | <0.0001 | 6.3 (1.5–26.1) | 0.011 | 4.6(2.3–9.2) | <0.0001 |
| Walking speed† | ||||||||
| 1-SD increase | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.179 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.110 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.313 | 0.8(0.6–1.2) | 0.293 |
| <0.8 m/s‡,§ | 1.0 (0.3–2.7) | 0.925 | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.526 | 0.8 (0.2–3.3) | 0.734 | 1.3(0.6–2.5) | 0.526 |
| Peak expiratory flow† | ||||||||
| 1-SD increase | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.011 | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.037 | 0.5(0.4–0.8) | 0.003 |
| <250.0 l/min‡,§ | 3.2 (1.2–8.5) | 0.023 | 2.7 (1.6–4.7) | 0.0003 | 3.3 (0.8–13.5) | 0.104 | 2.6(1.3–5.1) | 0.005 |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; CRP, C-reactive protein; NR, not reached.
*Results were calculated by Cox regression analysis. Data were adjusted for: age at baseline (continuous); sex (binary); systolic blood pressure (continuous); use or nonuse of antihypertensive medication (binary); total cholesterol (continuous); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (continuous); use or nonuse of lipid lowering medication (binary); presence or absence of diabetes (binary); smoking status (binary).
†Data were adjusted for variables listed in footnote* plus body mass index (continuous).
‡Cut-off values according to previous literature.
§Cut-off values according to this study.