TABLE 1—

Characteristics of State Laws for Pain Management Clinics

State (Initial Implementation Date): Cite	Pain Clinic Definition	Pain Clinic Ownership	State Oversight, Inspection, and Registration	Dispensing Limitations
Alabama (2013): Ala Code §34-24-600 et seq.	Provides pain management services with prescription controlled substances to treat noncancer chronic pain	Physician with unrestricted Alabama license, or public or private entity registered with state Owner cannot have been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor related to prescription drugs	Board of Medical Examiners; annual registration required
Florida (2011): Fla Stat Ann §458.3265	Advertises pain management services or majority of patients are prescribed opioids or specified controlled substances for noncancer pain	Physician with unrestricted Florida license who practices at pain clinic and has not been convicted of a felony related to drug diversion	Department of Health; annual inspection as a condition of registration	Only a physician licensed in Florida may dispense medication at a pain clinic
Georgia (2013): Ga Code Ann §43-34-280	Advertises pain treatment or majority of patients are prescribed Schedule II or III controlled substances for noncancer pain	Physician with unrestricted license in Georgia who has not been convicted of a felony	Composite Medical Board; biennial license renewal	If controlled substances are dispensed, pain clinic must be registered with State Board of Pharmacy
Kentucky (2012): Ky Rev Stat Ann §218A.175	Advertises pain treatment or majority of patients are prescribed controlled substances for pain and primary practice area is pain treatment	Physician with unrestricted Kentucky license who practices at pain clinic at least 50% of clinic’s hours Owner must meet additional pain management certification requirements	Board of Medical Licensure; Cabinet for Health and Family Services; annual registration required
Louisiana (2005): La Rev Stat Ann §40:2198.11 et seq.	Engages primarily in pain treatment by prescribing narcotics	Physician with an unrestricted Louisiana license who is certified in pain management and has not been convicted of a crime related to narcotics	Department of Health and Hospitals; annual investigation for license renewal
Mississippi (2011): 30-017-2640 Miss Code R §1.15	Provides pain management services with a majority of patients prescribed or dispensed opioids or other specified controlled substances for more than 180 d/y	Physician with unrestricted Mississippi license who has not been convicted of a crime related to illegal distribution of controlled substances Owner must meet additional pain management certification requirements	State Board of Medical Licensure; annual certification renewal
Ohio (2011): Ohio Rev Code Ann §4731.054	Treats majority of patients for chronic pain with controlled substances and meets certain other criteria	Supervises activities of all individuals who provide chronic pain treatment at clinic Owner must meet additional pain management certification requirements	State Medical Board; annual verification of licensure
Tennessee (2012): Tenn Code Ann §63-1-301 et seq.	Provides noncancer pain treatment to a majority of patients for at least 90 d/y or advertises pain management services	Cannot have been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor related to distribution of prescription drugs	Board of Health; Board of Medical Examiners; biennial certificate renewal	No dispensing of controlled substances at pain clinic with limited exceptions for short-term supply of Schedule IV or V controlled substances
Texas (2010): Tex Occ Code Ann §168.001 et seq.	Provides majority of patients with monthly prescriptions for opioids or other specified controlled substances	Physician with unrestricted Texas license who has not been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor related to distribution of prescription drugs	Medical Board; biennial certificate renewal
West Virginia (2012): WVa Code Ann §16-5H et seq.	Prescribes or dispenses opioids or other controlled substances to majority of patients for noncancer pain and meets certain other criteria	Physician with unrestricted West Virginia license who practices at pain clinic and has not been convicted of a felony related to diverted drugs Owner must meet additional pain management certification requirements	Department of Health and Human Services; annual licensure renewal	Only physician or pharmacist licensed in West Virginia may dispense medications at clinic Controlled substances must be dispensed for a 72-h or less supply
Wisconsin (2016): Wis Stat §50.60 et seq.	Presents itself as providing pain medicine services with prescriptions issued for specified medications or majority of providers devote majority of practice to pain medicine	Must not have been convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor related to prescription drugs	Department of Health Services; triennial certificate renewal	No dispensing of specified medications unless clinic is also a licensed pharmacy or treatment relates to worker’s compensation