TABLE 2.

Efficacy of dietary supplements and risk of cardiovascular mortality¹

Factor (references)	Trials, n	RR	95% CI	I2 (95% CI), %
Calcium (low dose, <1200 mg/d) (32, 72)	2	0.81	0.04, 15.9	47 (NA)
Given singly	1	3.48	0.18, 66.8	NA
Combined with others	1	0.17	0.01, 4.03	NA
Selenium2 (54, 60, 86, 93)	3	0.89	0.74, 1.06	0 (0, 90)
Given singly	3	0.92	0.76, 1.13	0
Combined with others	1	0.82	0.64, 1.05	NA
Low dose (<120 μg/d)	1	0.75	0.32, 1.79	NA
High dose (≥120 μg/d)	2	0.90	0.75, 1.07	0
Zinc2 (combined with others and low dose, <50 mg/d) (30)	1	0.83	0.65, 1.05	NA
Vitamin D (low dose, <500 IU/d) (32, 51, 68, 70)	3	0.91	0.76, 1.09	0 (0, 90)
Given singly	1	0.33	0.01, 7.96	NA
Combined with others	2	0.85	0.41, 1.76	9
β-Carotene2 (30, 43, 44, 59, 80, 86, 89, 91)	8	1.01	0.92, 1.10	7 (0, 71)
Given singly	5	1.04	0.93, 1.16	0
Combined with others	4	0.95	0.84, 1.09	26
Low dose (<30 mg/d)	4	0.97	0.85, 1.10	29
High dose (≥30 mg/d)	4	1.06	0.93, 1.21	0 (0, 70)
Vitamin A (combined with others) (30, 43)	2	0.97	0.78, 1.21	58 (NA)
Low dose (<25,000 IU/d)	1	0.85	0.66, 1.09	NA
High dose (≥25,000 IU/d)	1	1.07	0.92, 1.24	NA
Vitamin C2 (30, 65, 75, 86)	4	0.96	0.82, 1.13	0 (0, 85)
Given singly	1	1.06	0.83, 1.35	NA
Combined with others	4	0.94	0.80, 1.12	0
Low dose (<500 mg/d)	2	0.87	0.68, 1.12	0
High dose (≥500 mg/d)	2	1.03	0.84, 1.26	0
Vitamin E2 (30, 48, 58, 60, 64, 65, 74, 75, 80, 86)	10	0.88	0.80, 0.96	0 (0, 62)
Given singly	7	0.88	0.79, 0.98	0
Combined with others	6	0.89	0.80, 1.00	0
Low dose (<400 IU/d)	4	0.87	0.76, 0.99	0
High dose (≥400 IU/d)	6	0.88	0.77, 1.01	8
Folic acid (given singly and high dose, ≥5 mg/d) (50)	1	1.00	0.66, 1.53	NA
Vitamin K (32)	1	0.34	0.01, 8.16	NA
EPA (85)	1	0.93	0.56, 1.55	NA

¹NA, not applicable.

²Multiarm trials were combined.