Figure 5.

TGFβ1 treatment activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. (A) Protein level of β-catenin in TGFβ1- or control (DMSO)-treated HNSCC CSCs. (B) TOP/FOP luciferase activity in TGFβ1- or control (DMSO)-treated HNSCC CSCs. **P<0.01. (C) Transcript levels of β-catenin target genes (c-Myc and cyclin D1) in TGFβ1- or control (DMSO)-treated HNSCC CSCs. TGFβ1, transforming growth factor β; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; CSCs, cancer stem cells; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; TOP, optimal Tcf-binding site; FOP, far-from-optimal Tcf-binding site