SEM images of the (A) untreated titanium, (B) Ti-120, and (C) Ti-160 as well as AFM of (D) untreated titanium, (E) Ti-120, and (F) Ti-160 illustrating the nanoscale surface topography.
Abbreviations: SEM, scanning electron microscopic; AFM, atomic force microscopy; RMS, root-mean-square.