Growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes strains LLO-E7, Lmdd(pTV3), and Lmdd. All strains were cultured for 16 h, and subsequently the culture OD600 was adjusted to be similar for all strains. The cultures were diluted 1:50 in fresh medium and incubated at 37°C and 250 rpm. The OD600 was measured every 30 min. +Ala, additional d-alanine was added to the culture at 100 μg/ml final concentration; +Chl, additional chloramphenicol was added to the culture at 34 μg/ml. The experiment was repeated with similar results (data not shown).