Table 1.
Characteristics of respondents to the 100 000 Homes Vulnerability Index, by sheltered status: 2007-2014 (62 US communities; n = 25 489)a
| Sheltered (n = 11 728) | Unsheltered (n = 13 761) | Unsheltered Rate (n = 13 761)c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | P Valueb | No. | % (95% CI) |
| Average state temperature in Jan, °F | <.001 | ||||||
| <25 | 2412 | 20.6 (19.8-21.3) | 1272 | 9.2 (8.8-9.7) | 1272 | 34.5 (33.0-36.1) | |
| 25-34 | 4014 | 34.2 (33.4-35.1) | 3347 | 24.3 (23.6-25.0) | 3347 | 45.5 (44.3-46.6) | |
| 35-44 | 1674 | 14.3 (13.6-14.9) | 2084 | 15.1 (14.5-15.7) | 2084 | 55.5 (53.9-57.0) | |
| ≥45 | 3628 | 30.9 (30.1-31.8) | 7058 | 51.3 (50.5-52.1) | 7058 | 66.0 (65.2-66.9) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Education | <.001 | ||||||
| <High school | 3434 | 29.3 (28.5-30.1) | 4801 | 34.9 (34.1-35.7) | 4801 | 58.3 (57.2-59.4) | |
| High school / GED / trade school | 4901 | 41.8 (40.9-42.7) | 5642 | 41.0 (40.2-41.8) | 5642 | 53.5 (52.6-54.5) | |
| Some college | 2450 | 20.9 (20.2-21.6) | 2438 | 17.7 (17.1-18.4) | 2438 | 49.9 (48.5-51.3) | |
| College graduate | 943 | 8.0 (7.5-8.5) | 880 | 6.4 (6.0-6.8) | 880 | 48.3 (46.0-50.6) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 3860 | 32.9 (32.1-33.8) | 5050 | 36.7 (35.9-37.5) | 5050 | 56.7 (55.6-57.7) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 5471 | 46.6 (45.7-47.6) | 5386 | 39.1 (38.3-40.0) | 5386 | 49.6 (48.7-50.5) | |
| Hispanic | 1291 | 11.0 (10.4-11.6) | 1508 | 11.0 (10.4-11.5) | 1508 | 53.9 (52.0-55.7) | |
| Mixed/otherd | 1106 | 9.4 (8.9-10.0) | 1817 | 13.2 (12.6-13.8) | 1817 | 62.2 (60.4-63.9) | |
| Sex | <.001 | ||||||
| Male | 8237 | 70.2 (69.4-71.1) | 10 410 | 75.6 (74.9-76.4) | 10 410 | 55.8 (55.1-56.5) | |
| Female | 3442 | 29.3 (28.5-30.2) | 3298 | 24.0 (23.3-24.7) | 3298 | 48.9 (47.7-50.1) | |
| Transgender/othere | 49 | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | 53 | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | 53 | 52.0 (42.3-61.7) | |
| Age, y | .161 | ||||||
| 18-29 | 1389 | 11.8 (11.3-12.4) | 1497 | 10.9 (10.4-11.4) | 1497 | 51.9 (50.0-53.7) | |
| 30-39 | 1803 | 15.4 (14.7-16.0) | 2142 | 15.6 (15.0-16.2) | 2142 | 54.3 (52.7-55.9) | |
| 40-49 | 3420 | 29.2 (28.3-30.0) | 4089 | 29.7 (29.0-30.5) | 4089 | 54.5 (53.3-55.6) | |
| 50-59 | 3978 | 33.9 (33.1-34.8) | 4724 | 34.3 (33.5-35.1) | 4724 | 54.3 (53.2-55.3) | |
| ≥60 | 1138 | 9.7 (9.2-10.2) | 1309 | 9.5 (9.0-10.0) | 1309 | 53.5 (51.5-55.5) | |
| Served in US military | 1779 | 15.2 (14.5-15.8) | 2262 | 16.4 (15.8-17.1) | .006 | 2262 | 56.0 (54.4-57.5) |
| Homelessness characteristics | |||||||
| Years spent homeless | <.001 | ||||||
| <1 | 3644 | 31.1 (30.2-31.9) | 2557 | 18.6 (17.9-19.2) | 2557 | 41.2 (40.0-42.5) | |
| 1-5 | 5603 | 47.8 (46.9-48.7) | 6405 | 46.5 (45.7-47.4) | 6405 | 53.3 (52.4-54.2) | |
| >5 | 2481 | 21.2 (20.4-21.9) | 4799 | 34.9 (34.1-35.7) | 4799 | 65.9 (64.8-67.0) | |
| Times homeless and rehoused in past 3 y | 8509 | 72.6 (71.7-73.4) | 9152 | 66.5 (65.7-67.3) | 9152 | 51.8 (51.1-52.6) | |
| <4 | 8509 | 72.6 (71.7-73.4) | 9152 | 66.5 (65.7-67.3) | 9152 | 51.8 (51.1-52.6) | |
| ≥4 | 1207 | 10.3 (9.7-10.8) | 1331 | 9.7 (9.2-10.2) | 1331 | 52.4 (50.5-54.4) | |
| Not reported | 2012 | 17.2 (16.5-17.8) | 3278 | 23.8 (23.1-24.5) | 3278 | 62.0 (60.7-63.3) | |
| Institutional history | |||||||
| Ever been incarcerated | 8651 | 73.8 (73.0-74.6) | 11 278 | 82.0 (81.3-82.6) | <.001 | 11 278 | 56.6 (55.9-57.3) |
| Ever been in foster care | 1696 | 14.5 (13.8-15.1) | 2385 | 17.3 (16.7-18.0) | <.001 | 2385 | 58.4 (56.9-60.0) |
| Incomef | |||||||
| Active (employment) | 2880 | 24.6 (23.8-25.3) | 2984 | 21.7 (21.0-22.4) | <.001 | 2984 | 50.9 (49.6-52.2) |
| Passive (entitlements) | 7822 | 66.7 (65.8-67.5) | 8474 | 61.6 (60.8-62.4) | <.001 | 8474 | 52.0 (51.2-52.8) |
| Other informal income | 1220 | 10.4 (9.8-11.0) | 3812 | 27.7 (27.0-28.4) | <.001 | 3812 | 75.8 (74.6-76.9) |
| Mental health | |||||||
| Ever treated for mental health problems | 6319 | 53.9 (53.0-54.8) | 7389 | 53.7 (52.9-54.5) | .769 | 7389 | 53.9 (53.1-54.7) |
| Ever hospitalized against will | 2257 | 19.2 (18.5-20.0) | 3303 | 24.0 (23.3-24.7) | <.001 | 3303 | 59.4 (58.1-60.7) |
| Substance use | |||||||
| Drank alcohol every day for past month | 1196 | 10.2 (9.7-10.7) | 3171 | 23.0 (22.3-23.7) | <.001 | 3171 | 72.6 (71.3-73.9) |
| Ever abused drugs or alcohol | 7261 | 61.9 (61.0-62.8) | 9438 | 68.6 (67.8-69.4) | <.001 | 9438 | 56.5 (55.8-57.3) |
| Ever used intravenous drugs | 1852 | 15.8 (15.1-16.5) | 2912 | 21.2 (20.5-21.8) | <.001 | 2912 | 61.1 (59.7-62.5) |
| Ever treated for drug or alcohol abuse | 5291 | 45.1 (44.2-46.0) | 6490 | 47.2 (46.3-48.0) | .001 | 6490 | 55.1 (54.2-56.0) |
| Increased mortality risk | 6584 | 56.1 (55.2-57.0) | 8155 | 59.3 (58.4-60.1) | <.001 | 8155 | 55.3 (54.5-56.1) |
| Trimorbidity | 566 | 4.8 (4.4-5.2) | 977 | 7.1 (6.7-7.5) | <.001 | 977 | 63.3 (60.9-65.7) |
| Substance abuse | 7723 | 65.9 (65.0-66.7) | 10168 | 73.9 (73.2-74.6) | <.001 | 10 168 | 56.8 (56.1-57.6) |
| Severe mental illness | 2257 | 19.2 (18.5-20.0) | 3303 | 24.0 (23.3-24.7) | <.001 | 3303 | 59.4 (58.1-60.7) |
| Chronic medical illness | 2449 | 20.9 (20.1-21.6) | 3362 | 24.4 (23.7-25.1) | <.001 | 3362 | 57.9 (56.6-59.1) |
| Health care service use | 5245 | 45.7 (44.8-46.6) | 6330 | 47.2 (46.3-48.0) | .017 | 6330 | 54.7 (53.8-55.6) |
| Hospitalization in past year | 4716 | 41.2 (40.3-42.1) | 5660 | 42.3 (41.4-43.1) | .076 | 5660 | 54.5 (53.6-55.5) |
| Frequent emergency room visits (≥3 in past 3 mo) | 2014 | 17.5 (16.8-18.2) | 2541 | 18.9 (18.2-19.6) | .004 | 2541 | 55.8 (54.3-57.2) |
| >60 y of age | 899 | 7.7 (7.2-8.1) | 1044 | 7.6 (7.1-8.0) | .813 | 1044 | 53.7 (51.5-55.9) |
| Living with HIV/AIDS | 386 | 3.3 (3.0-3.6) | 504 | 3.7 (3.4-4.0) | .101 | 504 | 56.6 (53.4-59.9) |
| Living with liver and/or kidney disease | 1363 | 11.8 (11.2-12.4) | 2050 | 15.1 (14.5-15.7) | <.001 | 2050 | 60.1 (58.4-61.7) |
| Ever had frostbite/hypothermia/immersion foot | 742 | 6.4 (5.9-6.8) | 1466 | 10.7 (10.2-11.3) | <.001 | 1466 | 66.4 (64.4-68.4) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GED, general equivalency diploma; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
aData source: Community Solutions.19
bBased on Pearson’s χ2 test of significance to compare the difference between sheltered and unsheltered respondents.
cUnsheltered rate indicates the prevalence of people living in unsheltered situations who have each characteristic indicated in this table. Percentages are by row, with the denominator being the total number of sheltered and unsheltered respondents for each characteristic.
dIncludes respondents self-identifying as Asian, Native Hawaiian / other Pacific Islander, Native American, mixed race, or other.
eIncludes respondents self-identifying as transgender or other.
fItems reflect separate dichotomous variables, not mutually exclusive categories. Active income includes on- and off-the-books employment; passive income includes pensions, benefits, and public assistance; and other informal income includes income from recycling, panhandling, and the drug and sex trades.