Appendix 3.
ICP-AES measurements of copper, lead, and zinc (μg/g) in historical and contemporary herbarium specimens adjusted for dilution. Congeneric specimens from the same site were pooled for analysis.a,b
| Site | Historical samples | Cu | Pb | Zn | 2015 Samples | Cu | Pb | Zn | |
| Block Island | Cicuta maculata and Sium suave | 11.99 | 18.63 | 57.44 | Daucus carota | 6.03 | 1.78 | 49.72 | |
| Symphyotrichum ericoides* and S. novae-angliae | 22.92 | 3.42 | 50.59 | Symphyotrichum ericoides | 31.34 | 1.05 | 150.53 | ||
| Plantago patagonica, P. rugelii, and Plantago sp. | 10.95 | 3.62 | 94.32 | Plantago major, P. patagonica, and P. rugelii | 6.82 | 1.04 | 35.10 | ||
| Plantago major, P. patagonica, and P. rugeliib | 6.29 | 1.06 | 33.11 | ||||||
| Polygonum hydropiperoides | 6.95 | 15.68 | 167.83 | ||||||
| Solidago rugosa | 18.94 | 2.49 | 213.34 | Solidago rugosa | 24.02 | 0.83 | 101.44 | ||
| Solidago rugosab | 19.93 | 2.31 | 199.10 | ||||||
| Solidago rugosa* | 54.12 | 8.61 | 120.30 | ||||||
| Mean | 13.75 | 8.54 | 146.41 | Mean | 14.90 | 1.15 | 73.98 | ||
| SD | 15.74 | 6.77 | 65.93 | SD | 11.96 | 0.36 | 50.95 | ||
| Cove Lands | Artemisia biennis | 29.38 | 12.39 | 362.14 | Artemisia vulgaris | 14.48 | 1.15 | 34.76 | |
| Artemisia vulgaris | 55.53 | 10.95 | 90.50 | ||||||
| Plantago major and P. media | 15.79 | 20.95 | 97.26 | Plantago lanceolata and P. major | 11.13 | 3.23 | 66.59 | ||
| Plantago lanceolata and P. majorb | 9.62 | 3.17 | 59.63 | ||||||
| Persicaria lapathifolia and Polygonum aviculare | 8.67 | 13.97 | 71.36 | Persicaria sp. | 13.66 | 1.75 | 128.43 | ||
| Persicaria lapathifolia and Polygonum aviculareb | 9.29 | 13.76 | 69.14 | ||||||
| Veronica arvensis and V. peregrina | 9.41 | 15.31 | 96.55 | ||||||
| Verbena bracteata | 9.29 | 1.43 | 44.00 | ||||||
| Mean | 21.34 | 14.56 | 131.16 | Mean | 11.64 | 2.15 | 66.68 | ||
| SD | 18.51 | 3.47 | 113.82 | SD | 2.35 | 0.99 | 36.73 | ||
| Mashapaug Pond | Cicuta bulbifera | 13.24 | 24.67 | 40.69 | Daucus carota | 6.07 | 2.82 | 84.46 | |
| Carex muhlenbergii | 7.57 | 8.13 | 61.07 | Carex blanda | 13.64 | 3.66 | 71.06 | ||
| Juncus acuminatus and J. articulatus | 9.17 | 9.76 | 42.45 | Juncus tenuis | 10.38 | 1.91 | 104.95 | ||
| Lactuca scariola | 14.31 | 4.87 | 122.91 | Lactuca sp. | 18.37 | 1.93 | 246.72 | ||
| Lactuca scariolab | 41.40 | 4.93 | 118.27 | ||||||
| Plantago rugelii | 3.99 | 5.14 | 34.70 | Plantago rugelii | 10.54 | 5.40 | 146.36 | ||
| Plantago rugeliib | 9.10 | 5.41 | 129.73 | ||||||
| Eurybia divaricata | 5.57 | 1.88 | 166.54 | ||||||
| Persicaria lapathifolia | 7.84 | 7.50 | 219.00 | ||||||
| Mean | 13.93 | 9.28 | 91.30 | Mean | 10.53 | 3.29 | 135.69 | ||
| SD | 12.61 | 7.04 | 67.21 | SD | 4.43 | 1.58 | 59.41 | ||
| Seekonk River | Symphyotrichum laeve, S. racemosum, and S. tenuifolium | 15.60 | 6.47 | 378.71 | Artemisia vulgaris | 31.65 | 1.39 | 105.02 | |
| Plantago lanceolata | 150.18 | 15.96 | 1363.26 | Plantago major | 8.58 | 1.08 | 48.96 | ||
| Plantago majorb | 8.92 | 1.18 | 51.50 | ||||||
| Spartina alterniflora | 5.25 | 14.22 | 184.10 | Spartina alterniflora | 5.89 | 0.87 | 23.79 | ||
| Spartina alterniflorab | 4.83 | 10.99 | 123.03 | ||||||
| Viola blanda, V. cucullata, and V. sagittata | 5.86 | 3.53 | 79.78 | Viola sp. | 8.55 | 1.86 | 213.43 | ||
| Eurybia divaricata | 12.16 | 1.12 | 105.29 | ||||||
| Mean | 36.35 | 10.24 | 425.78 | Mean | 12.63 | 1.25 | 91.33 | ||
| SD | 63.79 | 5.21 | 536.39 | SD | 9.53 | 0.34 | 68.17 |
*
Indicates herbarium sheet from which the sample was taken was labeled as “poisoned” with mercuric chloride insecticide. These samples were not included in statistical analyses.
a
Comparisons between time periods (shown in boldface) were included in Fig. 3.
b
Duplicate measurements (used as quality control checks) taken from the same sample.