Table 2.
Reproductive consequences of immunity and infection
| Immune elicitor | Order | Species | Phenotype | Effect on reproduction | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonpathogenic | Diptera | Drosophila melanogaster | Reduced fecundity with increasing concentrations of immune elicitor (LPS) | – | 101 |
| Reduced fecundity (HK bacteria species) | – | 18, 94, 145 | |||
| Anopheles gambiae | Reduced ovarian protein and number of eggs laid (LPS) | – | 4 | ||
| Increased number of apoptotic follicles (LPS or Sephadex beads) | – | 5 | |||
| Coleoptera | Euoniticellus intermedius | Fewer brood balls (LPS) | – | 106 | |
| Orthoptera | Acheta domesticus | Fewer eggs later in life (nylon filament) | – | 17 | |
| Gryllus texensis | Reduced oviposition rate (wounding; HK Serratia marcescens) | – | 126 | ||
| Reduced protein in egg (HK Serratia marcescens) | |||||
| Hemideina crassidens | Repeated challenges reduced number of eggs laid and protein content per egg (LPS) | – | 73 | ||
| Pathogenic | Diptera | Drosophila melanogaster | Reduced fecundity during acute phase of infection (Providencia rettgeri) | – | 68, 84, 94 |
| Reduced fecundity during fungal infection (Beauveria bassiana) | – | 18 | |||
| Lower fecundity after surviving parasitoid wasp infection (Asobara tabida) | – | 45 | |||
| Drosophila nigrospiracula | Negative relationship between ectoparasite load and egg number (Macrocheles subbadius) | – | 104 | ||
| Anopheles gambiae | Increased number of apoptotic follicles (Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis) | – | 5 | ||
| Anopheles stephensi | Reduced fecundity during infection (Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis) | – | 64 | ||
| Armigeres subalbatus | Reduced ovarian protein and increased time to oviposition (Brugia malayi) | – | 46 | ||
| Orthoptera | Teleogryllus oceanicus | Reduced viability of stored sperm (Serratia marcescens) | – | 95 |
Abbreviations: HK, heat-killed; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.