Table 1. Primers used for amplification of the target and constitutive control genes, and honey bee viruses.

Target	Designation	Forward (F) and reverse (R) primers (5’–3’)	Product length	Source
Defensin-1	AmDef-1*	F: TGCGCTGCTAACTGTCTCAG	119 bp	Evans [25]
		R: AATGGCACTTAACCGAAACG
Hymenoptaecin	AmHym*	F: CTCTTCTGTGCCGTTGCATA	200 bp	Evans [25]
		R: GCGTCTCCTGTCATTCCATT
Poly-U-binding factor 68 kDa	AmPuf68*	F: CAAGACCTCCAACTAGCATG	201 bp	Hamiduzzaman et al. [18]
		R: CAACAGGTGGTGGTGGTG
Vitellogenin	AmVit2*	F: ACGACTCGACCAACGACTT	494 bp	Guidugli et al. [26]
		R: ACGAAAGGAACGGTCAATTCC
Ribosomal Protein S5	RpS5**	F: AATTATTTGGTCGCTGGAATTG	115 bp	Thompson et al. [24]
		R: TAACGTCCAGCAGAATGTGGTA
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase2	GAPD2**	F: GATGCACCCATGTTTGTTTG	203 bp	Thompson et al. [24]
		R: TTTGCAGAAGGTGCATCAAC
Deformed Wing Virus	DWV***	F: ATCAGCGCTTAGTGGAGGAA	642 bp	Hamiduzzaman et al. [28]
		R: ATAGATATCAGTCAACGGAGC
Black Queen Cell Virus	BQCV***	F: GTCAGCTCCCACTACCTTAAAC	698 bp	Hamiduzzaman et al. [28]
		R: AACAAGAAGAAACGTAAACCAC
Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus	IAPV***	F: AGACACCAATCACGGACCTCAC	138 bp	Maori et al. [40]
		R: GAGATTGTTTGAGAGGGGTGG
Sac Brood Virus	SBV***	F: GGATGAAAGGAAATTACCAG	426 bp	Tentcheva et al. [41]
		R: CCACTAGGTGATCCACACT
Kashmir Bee Virus	KBV***	F: GATGAACGTCGACCTATTGA	414 bp	Stoltz et al. [42]
		R: TGTGGGTTGGCTATGAGTCA
Acute Bee paralysis Virus	ABPV***	F: CCCAACGCACAAACAAATA	516 bp	Fedorova et al. [43]
		R: CTCCAGACAACAACAACAA

* Honey bee gene

** Constitutive honey bee control

*** Honey bee virus.