Proposed model for Ref1 restriction of N-MLV and CypA-free HIV-1. (A) A single, saturable factor is capable of binding to both N-MLV CA and, in the absence of bound CypA, HIV-1 CA, leading to restriction of infection. (B) N-MLV CA and CypA-free HIV-1 CA are recognized by unique CA binding factors which then target the viruses for restriction through a common, saturable pathway.