Table 1.
Background Characteristics of Study Sample. Values are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
| Variable | CST (n=89) | HFE (n=90) | Cohort (n=179) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 57.6 (11.1) | 57.9 (11.9) | 57.7 (11.5) | .90 |
| Female, n (%) | 27 (30%) | 21 (23.3%) | 48 (26.7%) | .29 |
| White, n (%) | 50 (55.6%) | 46 (51.1%) | 96 (53.3%) | .50 |
| Ischemic etiology, n (%) | 35 (38.9%) | 37 (41.1%) | 72 (40%) | .81 |
| Lab Results | ||||
| Serum Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.18 (0.37) | 1.23 (0.42) | 1.2 (0.40) | .44 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 (1.7) | 13.4 (1.5) | 13.4 (1.6) | .66 |
| Urinary Sodium, mg/24-hr | 3550 (1734) | 3882 (2055) | 3717 (1903) | .25 |
| Dietary Sodium, mg/day | 2993 (1461) | 2806 (1653) | 2899 (1559) | .43 |
| Medications | ||||
| ACEI, n (%) | 64 (72%) | 69 (77%) | 134 (74%) | .47 |
| ARB, n (%) | 21 (23%) | 16 (18%) | 37 (21%) | .34 |
| Aldosterone Antagonists, n (%) | 47 (52%) | 47 (52%) | 94 (52%) | .99 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 26 (29%) | 27 (30%) | 54 (30%) | .91 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 58 (64%) | 60 (67%) | 118 (65%) | .83 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 87 (98%) | 85 (94.4%) | 173 (96%) | .25 |
| Antidepressant, n (%) | 21 (23%) | 33 (37%) | 54 (30%) | .06 |
| Cholesterol drug, n (%) | 62 (69%) | 64 (71%) | 126 (70%) | .83 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 78 (88%) | 84 (93%) | 163 (91%) | .19 |
| Nitrate, n (%) | 21 (23%) | 25 (28%) | 46 (25%) | .52 |
| Medical History | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 65 (73%) | 67 (74%) | 132 (74%) | .83 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 41 (46%) | 49 (54%) | 90 (50%) | .26 |
| Hyperlipidemia Dx, n (%) | 57 (64%) | 64 (71%) | 122 (68%) | .31 |
| BiV Pacemaker, n (%) | 32 (37%) | 44 (49%) | 77 (43%) | .08 |
| ICD, n (%) | 63 (71%) | 75 (83%) | 139 (77%) | .05 |
| Quality of Life | ||||
| BDI Score | 14.2 ± 9.5 | 13.5 ± 10.4 | 13.9 ± 9.9 | .64 |
| AAI Score | 47.3 (10.0) | 48.0 (10.7) | 47.6 (10.3) | .66 |
| STAI Score | 28.1 (7.4) | 31.3 (9.9) | 29.7 (8.9) | .03 |
| KCCQ Score | 58.1 (21.5) | 55.6 (21.9) | 56.8 (21.6) | .43 |
| 6-min Walk Distance, meters | 376 (98) | 353 (114) | 365 (107) | .16 |
| Heart Failure Disease Biomarkers | ||||
| BNP, pg/ml | 284.4 (485) | 241.5 (318) | 262.8 (409) | .49 |
| LVEF, % | 31.7 (10.3) | 28.4 (8.7) | 30.0 (9.6) | .02 |
| HRV, SDNN | 88.8 (28.1) | 81.8 (29.2) | 85.7 (28.7) | .19 |
| Flow Mediated Dilation, % | 4.1 (4.1) | 3.9 (4.2) | 4.0 (4.2) | .78 |
| CRP, mg/L | 3.7 (3.4) | 4.0 (3.4) | 3.8 (3.4) | .57 |
ACEI=angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; BiV=biventricular; ICD=implantable cardioverter defibrillator; BDI=Beck Depression Inventory; AAI=Attitudes About Impairment; STAI= State Anxiety; KCCQ=Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; BNP= B-Type Natriuretic Peptide; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; HRV= Heart rate Variability; SDNN=standard deviation of normal to normal heartbeat intervals; CRP=C-reactive protein. Hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidemia were defined as present if a diagnosis appeared in participants' medical records during the year preceding pre-randomization baseline assessments