Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study cohorts (propensity score-matched cohort).
| Characteristics | Cirrhosis (n = 734) | Matched controls (n = 734) | P-value | Chronic hepatitis (n = 1044) | Control (n = 1044) | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60.98±14.63 | 62.05±16.04 | 0.184 | 59.35±16.16 | 60.86±17.30 | 0.039 | |||||
| Gender | 0.863 | 0.962 | |||||||||
| Male | 519 | 70.71% | 522 | 71.12% | 732 | 70.11% | 733 | 70.21% | |||
| Female | 215 | 29.29% | 212 | 28.88% | 312 | 29.89% | 313 | 29.98% | |||
| Comorbid conditions* | |||||||||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 6 | 0.82% | 3 | 0.41% | 0.316 | 15 | 1.44% | 10 | 0.96% | 0.314 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 57 | 7.77% | 55 | 7.49% | 0.844 | 68 | 6.51% | 83 | 7.95% | 0.205 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 15 | 2.04% | 12 | 1.63% | 0.560 | 7 | 0.67% | 6 | 0.57% | 0.781 | |
| Cerebral vascular accidents | 72 | 9.81% | 82 | 11.17% | 0.394 | 146 | 13.98% | 146 | 13.98% | 1.000 | |
| Dementia | 21 | 2.86% | 19 | 2.59% | 0.749 | 26 | 2.49% | 27 | 2.59% | 0.889 | |
| Pulmonary disease | 145 | 19.75% | 166 | 22.62% | 0.180 | 210 | 20.11% | 222 | 21.26% | 0.517 | |
| Connective tissue disorder | 10 | 1.36% | 8 | 1.09% | 0.635 | 24 | 2.30% | 19 | 1.82% | 0.441 | |
| Peptic ulcer | 323 | 44.01% | 356 | 48.50% | 0.084 | 472 | 45.21% | 495 | 47.41% | 0.313 | |
| Diabetes | 167 | 22.75% | 177 | 24.11% | 0.538 | 220 | 21.07% | 215 | 20.59% | 0.788 | |
| Diabetes complications | 65 | 8.86% | 62 | 8.45% | 0.781 | 52 | 4.98% | 48 | 4.60% | 0.682 | |
| Paraplegia | 12 | 1.63% | 16 | 2.18% | 0.445 | 16 | 1.53% | 11 | 1.05% | 0.333 | |
| Renal disease | 89 | 12.13% | 89 | 12.13% | 1.000 | 102 | 9.77% | 97 | 9.29% | 0.709 | |
| Cancer | 210 | 28.61% | 204 | 27.79% | 0.728 | 106 | 10.15% | 97 | 9.29% | 0.506 | |
| Metastatic cancer | 30 | 4.09% | 35 | 4.77% | 0.526 | 19 | 1.82% | 14 | 1.34% | 0.314 | |
| Prior ulcer history (≤180 days) | 80 | 10.90% | 81 | 11.04% | 0.933 | 62 | 5.94% | 54 | 5.17% | 0.445 | |
| Prior HP therapy (≤180 days) | 8 | 1.09% | 5 | 0.68% | 0.403 | 4 | 0.38% | 3 | 0.29% | 0.705 | |
| Prior use of ulcerogenic drugs (≤90 days) | |||||||||||
| Aspirin | 70 | 9.54% | 67 | 9.13% | 0.788 | 115 | 11.02% | 113 | 10.82% | 0.888 | |
| NSAIDs | 404 | 55.04% | 410 | 55.86% | 0.753 | 651 | 62.36% | 685 | 65.61% | 0.121 | |
| COX-2 inhibitors | 27 | 3.68% | 33 | 4.50% | 0.429 | 26 | 2.49% | 20 | 1.92% | 0.371 | |
| Steroids | 134 | 18.26% | 145 | 19.75% | 0.464 | 223 | 21.36% | 240 | 22.99% | 0.371 | |
| Clopidogrel | 5 | 0.68% | 2 | 0.27% | 0.256 | 11 | 1.05% | 12 | 1.15% | 0.834 | |
| Ticlopidine | 3 | 0.41% | 4 | 0.54% | 0.705 | 10 | 0.96% | 10 | 0.96% | 1.000 | |
| Warfarin | 6 | 0.82% | 7 | 0.95% | 0.781 | 10 | 0.96% | 12 | 1.15% | 0.668 | |
| During hospitalization | |||||||||||
| Use of PPI/H2RA | 650 | 88.56% | 631 | 85.97% | 0.137 | 874 | 83.72% | 896 | 85.82% | 0.180 | |
| Infection | 146 | 19.89% | 139 | 18.94% | 0.644 | 184 | 17.62% | 202 | 19.35% | 0.310 | |
| Indicator of severity of bleeding | |||||||||||
| Coagulation defects | 8 | 1.09% | 1 | 0.14% | 0.019 | 6 | 0.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 0.014 | |
| Need for endoscopic Intervention | 261 | 35.56% | 192 | 26.16% | < .0001 | 242 | 23.18% | 248 | 23.75% | 0.757 | |
| Shock | 30 | 4.09% | 25 | 3.41% | 0.492 | 23 | 2.20% | 5 | 0.48% | 0.770 | |
| Requirement for mechanical ventilation | 41 | 5.59% | 53 | 7.22% | 0.201 | 70 | 6.70% | 71 | 6.80% | 0.931 | |
| Malnutrition | 3 | 0.41% | 4 | 0.54% | 0.705 | 4 | 0.38% | 7 | 0.67% | 0.364 | |
Abbreviations: NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; COX-2 inhibitors, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors; PPI/H2RA, proton pump inhibitors/histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.
*Individual disease conditions in the Charlson Comorbid Index were accounted to generate a propensity score for each patient. Data were not presented if sample size is 0 (e.g. HIV, liver diseases).
Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical data as n and %. Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to examine categorical data, and 2-sample t tests were conducted for continuous data.