Table 2.
Association of kidney biomarkers with risk of incident hypertension in HIV-infected women
| Unadjusted | Multivariable Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Participants (N) |
RR (95%CI) | Individual Markers * RR (95%CI) |
Individual Markers + ACR + eGFR† RR (95%CI) |
| ACR | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.18 (1.12, 1.25) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) |
| T1: < 6.9 mg/g | 274 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2: 6.9–15 mg/g | 275 | 1.43 (1.05, 1.96) | 1.48 (1.08, 2.02) | 1.49 (1.09, 2.04) |
| T3: >15 mg/g | 274 | 2.11 (1.57, 2.84) | 1.80 (1.33, 2.43) | 1.72 (1.27, 2.33) |
| ≤ 30 mg/g | 670 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| > 30 mg/g | 153 | 2.00 (1.54, 2.61) | 1.73 (1.32, 2.26) | 1.68 (1.28, 2.21) |
| eGFR | ||||
| Continuous‡ | 823 | 1.16 (1.10, 1.22) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) |
| T1: < 81 ml/min/1.73m2 | 280 | 2.13 (1.59, 2.86) | 1.73 (1.26, 2.38) | 1.65 (1.20, 2.28) |
| T2: 81–99 ml/min/1.73m2 | 270 | 1.43 (1.05, 1.96) | 1.32 (0.96, 1.81) | 1.33 (0.97, 1.83) |
| T3: >99 ml/min/1.73m2 | 273 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 | 69 | 1.85 (1.28, 2.67) | 1.48 (1.00, 2.18) | 1.32 (0.89, 1.96) |
| ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73m2 | 754 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| α1m | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.19 (1.08, 1.30) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) |
| T1§ | 339 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 242 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.62) | 1.08 (0.80, 1.46) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.32) |
| T3 | 242 | 1.55 (1.15, 2.10) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.66) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.32) |
| IL-18 | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) |
| T1 | 274 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 275 | 1.17 (0.85, 1.59) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) | 1.13 (0.82, 1.55) |
| T3 | 274 | 1.15 (0.82, 1.63) | 1.27 (0.89, 1.80) | 1.15 (0.80, 1.64) |
| KIM-1 | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) |
| T1 | 274 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 275 | 0.83 (0.61, 1.14) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.97) | 0.68 (0.49, 0.94) |
| T3 | 274 | 0.86 (0.61, 1.19) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.12) | 0.69 (0.48, 0.98) |
| NGAL | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) |
| T1 | 274 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 275 | 1.03 (0.77, 1.37) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.38) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.38) |
| T3 | 274 | 0.87 (0.64, 1.19) | 0.90 (0.66, 1.22) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.11) |
| L-FABP | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) |
| T1 | 274 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 275 | 1.32 (0.96, 1.83) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.57) | 1.12 (0.81, 1.55) |
| T3 | 273 | 1.77 (1.27, 2.47) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.94) | 1.23 (0.87, 1.75) |
| NAG | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.22 (1.09, 1.35) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) |
| T1 | 274 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 271 | 1.13 (0.81, 1.57) | 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.29) |
| T3 | 278 | 1.45 (1.01, 2.06) | 1.19 (0.83, 1.72) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.36) |
| AAG | ||||
| Continuous | 823 | 1.17 (1.10, 1.24) | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) |
| T1 | 274 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 275 | 1.31 (0.96, 1.79) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.61) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.52) |
| T3 | 274 | 1.78 (1.31, 2.41) | 1.46 (1.07, 2.00) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.54) |
AAG, α1-acid-glycoprotein; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; α1m, alpha-1 microglobulin; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by cystatin C; IL-18, interleukin 18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; L-FABP, liver fatty acid-binding protein; NAG, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin; RR, relative risk; T, tertile.
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, DM, HOMA-IR, stimulant use, CD4, HIVRNA, NRTI, HAART, HCV, and urine creatinine. Biomarkers included individually, not simultaneously
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, DM, HOMA-IR, stimulant use, CD4, HIVRNA, NRTI, HAART, HCV, urine creatinine, ACR, and eGFR.
Continuous eGFR is modeled per 10 ml/min/1.73m2 decrease. All other continuous predictors are modeled per doubling.
All below detectable