TABLE 4.
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of the Associations of Opportunistic infections with Incident All-cause Stroke among HIV Patients.
| Characteristic | No. of patients | All-cause Stroke | Univariate analysis | Multivariates analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| n (%) | HR (95% CI) | AHR (95% CI) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, yr | ||||
| 15–49 | 19618 | 160 (0.82) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥50 | 1757 | 92 (5.24) | 9.11 (6.75–12.30)*** | 6.69 (4.73–9.46)*** |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 19526 | 209 (1.07) | ||
| Female | 1849 | 43 (2.33) | 2.14 (1.47–3.11)*** | 1.12 (0.74–1.69) |
| Income level | ||||
| Low | 12524 | 178 (1.42) | 1 | 1 |
| Intermediate | 6418 | 55 (0.86) | 0.55 (0.37–0.81)** | 0.59 (0.40–0.87)** |
| High | 2433 | 19 (0.78) | 0.60 (0.35–1.02) | 0.65 (0.38–1.11) |
| Urbanization | ||||
| Rural | 4140 | 63 (1.52) | 1 | 1 |
| Urban | 17235 | 89 (0.52) | 0.63 (0.45–0.89)** | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 21004 | 235 (1.12) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 371 | 17 (4.58) | 5.29 (3.01–9.31)*** | 1.26 (0.66–2.42) |
| CKD | ||||
| No | 21248 | 246 (1.16) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 127 | 6 (4.72) | 4.74 (1.76–12.79)** | 1.42 (0.51–3.97) |
| HTN | ||||
| No | 20842 | 216 (1.04) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 533 | 36 (6.75) | 8.73 (5.86–13.01)*** | 2.07 (1.26–3.41)** |
| CHD | ||||
| No | 21218 | 243 (1.15) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 157 | 9 (5.73) | 5.72 (2.68–12.20)*** | 0.75 (0.33–1.71) |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| No | 21174 | 241 (1.14) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 201 | 11 (5.47) | 4.93 (2.32–10.51)*** | 0.98 (0.42–2.28) |
| Cancer | ||||
| No | 20853 | 235 (1.13) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 522 | 17 (3.26) | 2.75 (1.45–5.21)** | 1.38 (0.71–2.68) |
| SLE | ||||
| No | 21285 | 245 (1.15) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 90 | 7 (7.78) | 6.73 (3.14–14.41)*** | 1.93 (0.85–4.410 |
| OIs after HIV diagnosis | ||||
| CMV infection | ||||
| No | 21064 | 242(1.15) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 311 | 10 (3.22) | 3.14 (1.66–5.95)*** | 2.71 (1.34–5.49)** |
| TB infection | ||||
| No | 20676 | 237 (1.15) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 699 | 15 (2.15) | 1.94 (1.14–3.30)* | 1.64 (0.92–2.92) |
| Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection | ||||
| No | 21269 | 249 (1.17) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 106 | 3 (2.83) | 3.23 (1.03–10.10)* | 2.68 (0.80–8.94) |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | ||||
| No | 20594 | 242 (1.18) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 781 | 10 (1.28) | 1.19 (0.63–2.25) | 1.11 (0.54–2.28) |
| Cryptococcal meningitis | ||||
| No | 21286 | 249 (1.17) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 89 | 3 (3.37) | 3.36 (1.07–10.53)* | 4.58 (1.44–14.62)* |
| Candidiasis | ||||
| No | 20392 | 241 (1.18) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 983 | 11 (1.12) | 0.97 (0.52–1.78) | 0.92 (0.48–1.78) |
| Penicillium marneffei infection | ||||
| No | 21249 | 247 (1.16) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 126 | 5 (3.97) | 3.43 (1.41–8.35)** | 2.82 (1.13–7.08)* |
| Toxoplasma encephalitis | ||||
| No | 21335 | 247 (1.16) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 40 | 2 (5.00) | 2.53 (0.36–18.09) | 1.75 (0.23–13.23) |
| Herpes zoster | ||||
| No | 20020 | 238 (1.19) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1355 | 14 (1.03) | 0.88 (0.51–1.52) | 0.80 (0.46–1.40) |
| HAART | ||||
| No | 7290 | 136 (1.87) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 14085 | 116 (0.82) | 0.42 (0.31–0.57)*** | 0.49 (0.35–0.69)*** |
*
<.05;
**
<.01;
***
<.001
SD, standard deviation; AHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CHD, coronary heart disease; CMV, cytomegalovirus; TB, tuberculosis; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy.