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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Med Care. 2017 Feb;55(2):191–198. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000630

Figure 1b.

Figure 1b

Observed and expected non-medication expenditures Per Member Per Month (PMPM) in intervention (Value-Based Formulary (VBF)) and control groups combining expenditures from member and health plan perspectives