Table 1.

Inflammatory mediators detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Biomarker	Key finding	Reference(s)
Chit-1	↑ levels and ↑ activity	[48]
	↑ levels	[49]
Prostaglandin E2	NC	[50]
	↑ levels	[51, 52]
VEGF	↑ levels	[53]
	↓ levels	[50]
IL-6	↑ levels	[53, 54]
GM-CSF	↑ levels	[53]
IL-2	↑ levels	[53]
IL-15	↑ levels	[53]
IL-17	↑ levels	[53]
MIP-1β	↑ levels	[53]
FGF	↑ levels	[53]
G-CSF	↑ levels	[53]
MIP-1α	↑ levels	[53]
MCP-1	↑ levels	[53, 55]
IL-10	↓ levels	[53]
IFN-γ	↓ levels	[53]
IL-8	↑ levels	[55]
Angiogenin	↓ levels	[50]
Angiopoietin 2	NC	[50]
Follistatin	↓ levels	[56]
IL-1α	↓ levels	[56]
Kallikrein-5	↓ levels	[56]

↓ and ↑ represent decreased and increased levels in patients with ALS vs controls respectively

Chit-1 = chitotriosidase-1; NC = no change observed; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; IL = interleukin; GM-CSF = granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MIP = macrophage inflammatory protein; FGF = fibroblast growth factor; G-CSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; IFN = interferon