Table 3.

Summary of results for moderator analyses.

Moderator		k	ES	95% CI		Q	I2
				LL	UL
OUTCOMES
Sleep
Location
Europe	r	16	0.31	0.22	0.40	0.40a	94.65
USA/Canada	r	2	0.23	−0.02	0.46		0.00
Study design
Longitudinal	r	1	0.29	−0.05	0.57	7.37*a	0.00
CS-one time	r	9	0.39	0.29	0.49		96.54
CS-diary	r	8	0.17	0.04	0.30		33.70
Mean age (years)	b	17	0.02	−0.01	0.04	2.20
Females (%)	b	18	0.00	−0.01	0.00	2.36
Affective valence
Negative	r	8	0.41	0.32	0.50	9.00*a	96.30
Neutral	r	11	0.22	0.12	0.32		56.03
Positive	r	1	0.14	−0.16	0.41		0.00
Well-Being
Location
Europe	r	11	0.31	0.23	0.37	2.65a	67.51
USA/Canada	r	2	0.46	0.28	0.61		94.33
Others	r	3	0.31	0.18	0.43		92.01
Study design
Longitudinal	r	2	0.19	0.05	0.32	10.62**a	78.56
CS-one time	r	11	0.30	0.24	0.36		79.53
CS-diary	r	3	0.49	0.37	0.60		87.27
Mean age (years)	b	14	−0.01	−0.02	0.01	0.78
Females (%)	b	16	0.00	0.00	0.01	2.41
Affective valence
Negative	r	1	0.31	0.07	0.52	0.01a	0.00
Neutral	r	15	0.32	0.25	0.39		83.97
Burnout (Exhaustion)
Location
Europe	r	18	−0.38	−0.44	−0.32	2.29a	82.27
USA/Canada	r	3	−0.27	−0.42	−0.09		91.48
Others	r	2	−0.31	−0.47	−0.12		28.75
Study design
Longitudinal	r	4	−0.34	−0.47	−0.19	0.25a	79.28
CS-one time	r	15	−0.37	−0.44	−0.30		89.50
CS-diary	r	4	−0.34	−0.49	−0.17		38.67
Mean age (years)	b	21	−0.01	−0.02	0.00	1.23
Females (%)	b	23	0.00	0.00	0.01	1.50
Affective valence
Negative	r	3	−0.53	−0.64	−0.39	6.29*a	93.12
Neutral	r	21	−0.35	−0.41	−0.28		84.78
Positive	r	1	−0.25	−0.50	0.04		0.00
Fatigue
Location
Europe	r	16	−0.43	−0.54	−0.31	0.92a	97.93
USA/Canada	r	1	−0.17	−0.62	0.37		0.00
Study design
Longitudinal	r	1	−0.34	−0.71	0.18	4.37a	0.00
CS-one time	r	10	−0.50	−0.62	−0.37		98.58
CS-diary	r	6	−0.25	−0.45	−0.02		67.32
Mean age (years)	b	16	0.01	0.00	0.05	0.53
Females (%)	b	17	0.00	−0.01	0.01	0.09
Affective valence
Negative	r	5	−0.56	−0.70	−0.39	4.16a	99.17
Neutral	r	13	−0.36	−0.48	−0.23		89.58
Positive	r	1	−0.25	−0.64	0.24		0.00
State Affect
Location
Europe	r	19	0.28	0.21	0.35	3.51a	81.99
USA/Canada	r	4	0.18	0.08	0.28		0.00
Others	r	1	0.48	0.35	0.60		0.00
Study design
CS-one time	r	5	0.35	0.22	0.48	1.75	90.17
CS-diary	r	19	0.25	0.17	0.33		74.98
Mean age (years)	b	24	−0.01	−0.02	0.01	0.41
Females (%)	b	23	0.00	0.00	0.01	1.60
Affective valence
Negative	r	6	0.38	0.26	0.50	17.05***	87.51
Neutral	r	19	0.29	0.22	0.36		61.74
Positive	r	5	−0.02	−0.18	0.13		92.60
Work Motivation
Location
Europe	r	9	0.10	0.02	0.17	13.00**a	64.63
USA/Canada	r	1	−0.24	−0.42	−0.04		0.00
Others	r	1	−0.08	−0.25	0.09		0.00
Study design
Longitudinal	r	2	0.06	−0.16	0.28	1.14a	0.00
CS-one time	r	6	0.00	−0.14	0.13		94.25
CS-diary	r	3	0.13	−0.09	0.34		83.22
Mean age (years)	b	9	0.00	−0.02	0.01	0.13
Females (%)	b	11	0.02	0.01	0.02	17.69***
Affective valence
Neutral	r	11	0.04	−0.06	0.13	0.00	90.29
ANTECEDENTS
Job Demands
Location
Europe	r	44	−0.25	−0.30	−0.21	0.02	88.01
USA/Canada	r	7	−0.25	−0.36	−0.13		43.96
Others	r	9	−0.26	−0.35	−0.17		91.08
Study design
Longitudinal	r	3	−0.32	−0.47	−0.15	1.11a	90.59
CS-one time	r	35	−0.26	−0.31	−0.21		92.31
CS-diary	r	22	−0.23	−0.30	−0.16		74.64
Mean age (years)	b	55	0.00	−0.01	0.01	0.02
Females (%)	b	59	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.83
Affective valence
Negative	r	12	−0.32	−0.40	−0.24	4.80a	93.18
Neutral	r	49	−0.24	−0.29	−0.20		80.81
Positive	r	4	−0.14	−0.29	0.01		98.57
Quantitative Demands
Location
Europe	r	23	−0.29	−0.35	−0.24	1.49	83.46
USA/Canada	r	5	−0.21	−0.33	−0.09		69.29
Others	r	5	−0.26	−0.36	−0.16		85.99
Study design
Longitudinal	r	3	−0.37	−0.50	−0.22	3.55a	85.52
CS-one time	r	20	−0.28	−0.34	−0.23		90.49
CS-diary	r	10	−0.21	−0.30	−0.11		47.86
Mean age (years)	b	29	−0.01	−0.02	0.00	3.23
Females (%)	b	33	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.25
Affective valence
Negative	r	5	−0.33	−0.45	−0.20	1.88a	69.41
Neutral	r	28	−0.27	−0.33	−0.21		81.55
Positive	r	3	−0.18	−0.35	0.01		98.94
Social Conflicts
Location
Europe	r	7	−0.24	−0.38	−0.08	0.30a	96.70
USA/Canada	r	2	−0.23	−0.50	0.08		65.69
Others	r	3	−0.31	−0.51	−0.08		93.04
Study design
CS-one time	r	7	−0.27	−0.40	−0.12	0.13	96.77
CS-diary	r	5	−0.23	−0.40	−0.04		90.70
Mean age (years)	b	12	0.01	−0.01	0.03	1.74
Females (%)	b	11	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.06
Affective valence
Negative	r	3	−0.47	−0.56	−0.37	22.35***a	94.15
Neutral	r	9	−0.16	−0.24	−0.08		60.28
Working Time
Location
Europe	r	24	−0.18	−0.23	−0.13	0.91	72.46
USA/Canada	r	6	−0.13	−0.22	−0.04		81.80
Study design
Longitudinal	r	3	−0.19	−0.33	−0.04	2.12a	91.71
CS-one time	r	17	−0.14	−0.20	−0.08		80.70
CS-diary	r	10	−0.22	−0.30	−0.13		63.16
Mean age (years)	b	29	0.01	0.00	0.02	1.08
Females (%)	b	30	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.02
Affective valence
Negative	r	4	−0.09	−0.21	0.03	1.76a	0.00
Neutral	r	28	−0.17	−0.22	−0.13		80.03
Positive	r	2	−0.20	−0.34	−0.04		52.45
Job Resources
Location
Europe	r	14	0.08	0.00	0.16	2.03	66.64
USA/Canada	r	5	0.09	−0.05	0.22		94.17
Others	r	5	0.18	0.06	0.29		89.73
Study design
Longitudinal	r	2	0.13	−0.09	0.34	0.22a	0.00
CS-one time	r	18	0.11	0.03	0.18		93.69
CS-diary	r	4	0.07	−0.11	0.24		42.63
Mean age (years)	b	21	0.00	−0.01	0.01	0.19
Females (%)	b	23	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.74
Affective valence
Negative	r	5	0.15	0.05	0.24	6.72*a	0.00
Neutral	r	19	0.07	0.02	0.13		77.75
Positive	r	3	0.25	0.12	0.37		97.09
Job control
Location
Europe	r	13	0.06	0.00	0.12	4.27a	60.31
USA/Canada	r	3	−0.07	−0.21	0.07		0.00
Others	r	4	0.10	0.01	0.19		89.79
Study design
Longitudinal	r	2	0.04	−0.09	0.18	0.94a	71.45
CS-one time	r	16	0.07	0.02	0.11		74.74
CS-diary	r	2	−0.03	−0.21	0.16		9.21
Mean age (years)	b	17	0.00	−0.01	0.01	0.00
Females (%)	b	20	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.44
Affective valence
Negative	r	3	0.11	0.00	0.21	1.29a	77.22
Neutral	r	17	0.05	0.00	0.10		72.76
Positive	r	2	0.11	−0.05	0.25		0.00
Work Related-Activities
Location
Europe	r	14	−0.28	−0.35	−0.20	3.05a	80.41
USA/Canada	r	3	−0.42	−0.54	−0.28		39.49
Study design
CS-one time	r	7	−0.34	−0.44	−0.23	0.78	91.96
CS-diary	r	10	−0.27	−0.37	−0.17		38.32
Mean age (years)	b	17	0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.03
Females (%)	b	17	0.00	−0.01	0.00	1.13
Affective valence
Negative	r	2	−0.29	−0.49	−0.06	0.03a	85.71
Neutral	r	15	−0.31	−0.38	−0.23		83.18
Age
Location
Europe	r	31	−0.03	−0.07	0.01	0.64a	59.19
USA/Canada	r	9	−0.01	−0.08	0.06		72.22
Others	r	3	0.01	−0.09	0.11		0.00
Study design
Longitudinal	r	1	−0.04	−0.23	0.16	0.12a	0.00
CS-one time	r	21	−0.02	−0.06	0.03		77.24
CS-diary	r	21	−0.03	−0.09	0.03		49.99
Mean age (years)	b	42	0.00	−0.01	0.00	0.48
Females (%)	b	41	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.09
Affective valence
Negative	r	6	0.05	−0.02	0.11	7.89*a	48.80
Neutral	r	37	−0.03	−0.06	−0.00		50.53
Positive	r	4	0.05	−0.02	0.12		31.37
Gender
Location
Europe	r	32	0.02	−0.03	0.06	2.61a	74.80
USA/Canada	r	9	0.04	−0.04	0.12		71.37
Others	r	3	0.13	0.00	0.24		0.00
Study design
Longitudinal	r	1	0.13	−0.13	0.37	1.09a	0.00
CS-one time	r	23	0.02	−0.03	0.07		85.89
CS-diary	r	20	0.05	−0.02	0.12		33.99
Mean age (years)	b	42	0.00	−0.01	0.01	0.44
Females (%)	b	43	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.63
Affective valence
Negative	r	4	−0.03	−0.16	0.10	1.15a	91.83
Neutral	r	40	0.03	−0.01	0.08		75.76
Positive	r	3	−0.02	−0.16	0.13		92.27
Negative Affectivity/Neuroticism
Location
Europe	r	11	−0.26	−0.41	−0.11	1.00a	97.34
USA/Canada	r	5	−0.14	−0.37	0.10		0.00
Others	r	1	−0.08	−0.54	0.43		0.00
Study design
Longitudinal	r	3	−0.19	−0.46	0.12	4.51a	89.10
CS-one time	r	6	−0.38	−0.55	−0.18		98.90
CS-diary	r	8	−0.09	−0.28	0.10		0.00
Mean age (years)	b	17	−0.01	−0.04	0.01	1.68
Females (%)	b	16	0.01	0.00	0.01	4.58*
Affective valence
Negative	r	7	−0.40	−0.50	−0.29	27.32***a	96.65
Neutral	r	12	−0.16	−0.25	−0.05		68.90
Positive	r	4	0.13	−0.04	0.29		0.00

CS, cross-sectional; r, correlation coefficient; b, unstandardized regression weight of the slope (meta-regression); k, number of independent effect sizes; ES, effect size; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval of ES; LL, lower limit of the 95% CI; UL, upper limit of the 95% CI; Q, results of the Q-test for moderator effects; I², (Variance_Between/Variance_Total) × 100% (only for subgroups of moderators).

^*p ≤ 0.05;

^**p ≤ 0.01;

^***p ≤ 0.001.

^aModerator effects should be not interpreted or with caution as there are fewer than five studies in one or more subgroups of the moderator.