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Ion-specific MAPK activation. Seedlings were exposed to (1) water or 100 μm (2) Al2(SO4)3, (3) CdCl2, (4) CoCl2, (5) CuCl2, (6) FeCl2, (7) Pb(NO3)2, or (8) ZnCl2 for 30 min. Root protein extracts were used to immunoprecipitate SIMK, MMK2, MMK3, and SAMK with M23, M11, M14, or M24 antibodies, respectively. Subsequently, kinase activities were determined using MBP as substrate. Independent repetitions of the experiment showed the same activity profile.
