Table 8.
Muscle and Liver enzymes and Markers of Catabolism
| Variable | Treatment | Time (h) | p-level | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2 | |||
| ALP | PLA | 79.8 ± 21.7 | 85.7 ± 27.5 | 0.70 |
| (U/L) | PWS | 77.7 ± 31.1 | 82.3 ± 22.5 | |
| PWS + S | 75.0 ± 19.2 | 82.2 ± 23.0 | ||
| ALT | PLA | 29.5 ± 27.6 | 33.3 ± 32.9 | 0.26 |
| (U/L) | PWS | 24.5 ± 11.0 | 28.0 ± 12.2 | |
| PWS + S | 25.7 ± 11.7 | 27.1 ± 10.1 | ||
| AST | PLA | 38.1 ± 60.6 | 44.9 ± 75.7 | 0.37 |
| (U/L) | PWS | 24.9 ± 6.2 | 29.6 ± 7.1 | |
| PWS + S | 25.3 ± 6.6 | 28.8 ± 6.5 | ||
| CK | PLA | 713 ± 2354 | 836 ± 2786 | 0.33 |
| (U/L) | PWS | 191 ± 104 | 231 ± 111 | |
| PWS + S | 189 ± 85 | 223 ± 85 | ||
| LDH | PLA | 182 ± 77 | 205 ± 115 | 0.55 |
| (U/L) | PWS | 161 ± 18 | 187 ± 22 | |
| PWS + S | 167 ± 26 | 192 ± 24 | ||
| BUN | PLA | 15.9 ± 4.8 | 14.4 ± 4.1 | 0.013 |
| (mg/dl) | PWS | 17.4 ± 4.7 | 15.1 ± 3.7* | |
| PWS + S | 16.4 ± 4.0 | 15.9 ± 3.5 | ||
| Creatinine | PLA | 0.99 ± 0.14 | 1.05 ± 0.16 | 0.037 |
| (mg/dl) | PWS | 1.09 ± 0.17 a,c | 1.23 ± 0.17 *a | |
| PWS + S | 0.97 ± 0.14 | 1.11 ± 0.17 *a,b | ||
| BUN: Creatinine | PLA | 16.2 ± 5.9 | 13.9 ± 4.9 * | <0.001 |
| PWS | 16.2 ± 5.0 | 12.3 ± 3.2 *a,c | ||
| PWS + S | 17.1 ± 4.8 | 14.4 ± 3.4 * | ||
Values are means ± standard deviations for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. MANOVA analysis revealed overall Wilks’ Lambda treatment (p < 0.001), time (p < 0.001), and treatment x time (p < 0.001) effects. Greenhouse-Geisser univariate p-levels of interaction (treatment x time) are reported above. * represents p < 0.05 difference from baseline. a denotes a significant difference from PLA. b denotes a significant difference from PWS. c denotes a significant difference from PWS + S