Fig. 1.

Cox-2 mediates LPS-induced PGE₂ in astroglial and microglial cells. Concentration of PGE₂ in the culture medium of astrocytes (a–c) and microglia (d, e), as determined by ELISA. a, b Reduction of LPS-induced PGE₂ in the presence of various COX-2 inhibitors: NS-398 (3 μM), CAY10404 (10 nM), SC-791 (10 nM), celecoxib (10 μM), and the celecoxib analog DMC (10 μM), which does not inhibit COX-2 but interferes with mPGES-1 activity, 4 (a) and 8 h (b) after LPS exposure (n = 3–9 in two independent experiments). c The potent effect of NS-398 was validated in additional astroglia cultures 4 h after LPS (n = 3–4 replicates in three independent cultures). d Time-dependent production of PGE₂ in microglia (n = 3–12 in three independent cultures). e NS-398 (3 μM) completely abrogates LPS-induced PGE₂ production in microglia (n = 3–6 in two independent experiments). *p <0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control; &p < 0.05, &&p < 0.01, &&&p < 0.001 vs. LPS