Fig. 2.

Ox-HDL induces activation of ER stress-CHOP pathway in RAW264.7 cells. A: Cells were pretreated with or without PBA (5 mmol/l) for 1 h, followed by incubation with ox-HDL (100 mg/l) or TM (4 mg/l) for 24 h, and then immunofluorescence experiments showed ATF6 stained with Cy3 (red) and nuclei visualized by DAPI (blue). Representative fluorescent images photographed by a fluorescence microscopy are shown. Scale bar = 20 μm. B, C: Cells were treated as described in Fig. 1, and then the protein and mRNA levels of ER stress markers were determined with Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 versus control group.