Table 2. Changes of the physical training and nutrition (PTN) and the social support (SoSu) groups from baseline to 12-week assessment.

		Within-group differences a		Between-group differences b
	Group	Mean change (95% CI)	p-value	ß (95% CI)	p-value
Handgrip strength (kg)	PTN	2.4 (1.0–3.8)	0.001	1.3 (−0.3–2.9)	0.105
	SoSu	0.8 (−0.4–2.0)	0.189	0
Physical performance (score)	PTN	1.2 (0.3–2.1)	0.009	1.0 (0.0–2.0)	0.044
	SoSu	0.5 (0.1–0.9)	0.011	0
Balance (score)	PTN	0.4 (0.0–0.8)	<0.001	0.0 (−0.5–0.4)	0.934
	SoSu	0.5 (0.2–0.8)	0.002	0
Gait speed (score)	PTN	0.2 (−0.2–0.6)	0.316	0.2 (−0.2–0.7)	0.231
	SoSu	−0.1 (−0.3–0.2)	0.688	0
Lower limb muscle strength (score)	PTN	0.6 (0.2–1.0)	0.003	0.6 (0.2–1.1)	0.007
	SoSu	0.1 (−0.2–0.3)	0.464	0
Lean body mass (kg)	PTN c	0.4 (−0.8 to 1.5)	0.546	−0.4 (−1.7–1.0)	0.606
	SoSu d	0.5 (−0.3–1.3)	0.235	0
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg)	PTN c	0.3 (−0.2–0.7)	0.200	0.1 (−0.5–0.6)	0.814
	SoSu d	0.2 (−0.1–0.5)	0.184	0
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg/m2)	PTN c	0.1 (−0.1−0.3)	0.259	0.0 (−0.2−0.2)	0.964
	SoSu d	0.1 (0.0–0.2)	0.161	0

PTN: physical training and nutrition group (n = 39); SoSu: social support group (n = 41)

^a Differences from baseline to 12 weeks were calculated using paired t-tests.

^b Differences between the PTN and the SoSu groups were calculated using ANCOVA for repeated measurements, adjusted for sex, age, and the corresponding baseline value, with SoSu as the reference group.

^c n = 38, due to missing bioelectrical impedance analyses

^d n = 35, due to missing bioelectrical impedance analyses