Table 3. Baseline characteristics associated with an improvement in handgrip strength.
| Baseline characteristics | Improvement in handgrip of ≥2.0 kg a | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 | |
| Male | 1.12 (0.34–3.70) | 0.849 |
| Age (years) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.239 |
| Living arrangements | ||
| Living alone | 1 | |
| Living with others | 0.82 (0.29–2.28) | 0.696 |
| Frailty status (SHARE-FI score) | ||
| Robust or prefrail | 1 | |
| Frail | 2.70 (1.01–7.22) | 0.048 |
| Nutritional status (MNA®-SF score) | ||
| Normal nourished | 1 | |
| Risk of malnutrition or malnourished | 1.32 (0.55–3.21) | 0.535 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | ||
| ≥17.9 kg in female, ≥26.5 kg in menb | 1 | |
| <17.9 kg in female, <26.5 kg in menb | 0.41 (0.15–1.09) | 0.073 |
| Physical performance (SPPB score) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 0.429 |
| Balance (score) | 1.17 (0.82–1.66) | 0.385 |
| Gait speed (score) | 1.36 (0.88–2.10) | 0.165 |
| Lower limb muscle strength (score) | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | 0.785 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 0.734 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.887 |
| Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 0.99 (0.87–1.15) | 0.989 |
| Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg/m2) | 1.01 (0.60–1.71) | 0.961 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.37 (0.99–1.89) | 0.058 |
MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination, SHARE-FI = Frailty Instrument of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, MNA®-SF = Mini nutritional assessment-Short form, SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery.
a The data are based on univariate logistic regression analyses with the dependent variable ‘improvement in handgrip strength’ (≥2.0 kg, as defined in the study protocol) [25]. Values are presented in odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).
b Based on the mean values of frail individuals in the SHARE-study [29].