Table 4. Moderator results for interventions assessing team performance as the outcome variable.
| Moderator | k | Effect size (SE) | 95% CI | Z value | p value | Q value (df), p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Characteristics | ||||||
| Context | 16.94(5), p = 0.01 | |||||
| Health care | 2 | 0.76 (0.31) | 0.15, 1.36 | 2.46 | 0.014 | |
| Laboratory experiment | 25 | 0.54 (0.07) | 0.41, 0.67 | 8.08 | <0.001 | |
| Aviation | 4 | 0.64 (0.18) | 0.28, 0.99 | 3.51 | <0.001 | |
| Military | 5 | 0.66 (0.17) | 0.34, 0.99 | 3.99 | <0.001 | |
| Industry | 3 | 1.76 (.32) | 1.13, 2.38 | 5.52 | <0.001 | |
| Academia | 6 | 0.40 (0.12) | 0.17, 0.63 | 3.35 | 0.001 | |
| Team type | 6.04(1), p = 0.02 | |||||
| Intact | 6 | 0.99 (0.18) | 0.64, 1.33 | 5.63 | <0.001 | |
| New | 39 | 0.54 (0.06) | 0.42, 0.65 | 9.32 | <0.001 | |
| Intervention Characteristics | ||||||
| Method of intervention | 2.44(3), p = 0.49 | |||||
| Didactic education | 4 | 0.41 (0.16) | 0.09, 0.74 | 2.52 | 0.012 | |
| Workshop | 24 | 0.55 (0.08) | 0.39, 0.71 | 6.87 | <0.001 | |
| Simulation | 7 | 0.57 (0.17) | 0.23, 0.90 | 3.30 | 0.001 | |
| Team Reviews | 10 | 0.69 (0.10) | 0.50, 0.89 | 6.88 | <0.001 | |
| Teamwork dimensions targeted a | ||||||
| Preparation | 15 | 0.60 (0.07) | 0.46, 0.73 | 8.69 | <0.001 | |
| Execution | 26 | 0.52 (0.08) | 0.37, 0.66 | 6.87 | <0.001 | |
| Reflection | 22 | 0.55 (0.08) | 0.40, 0.70 | 7.17 | <0.001 | |
| Interpersonal dynamics | 6 | 0.57 (0.18) | 0.18, 0.95 | 2.88 | 0.004 | |
| Number of dimensions targeted b | 3.98(4), p = 0.67 | |||||
| One | 20 | 0.61 (0.09) | 0.44, 0.79 | 6.85 | <0.001 | |
| Two | 12 | 0.63 (0.12) | 0.40, 0.86 | 5.31 | <0.001 | |
| Three | 9 | 0.46 (0.11) | 0.24, 0.67 | 4.08 | <0.001 | |
| Four | 3 | 0.67 (0.25) | 0.19, 1.15 | 2.74 | 0.006 | |
| Measurement Characteristics | ||||||
| Type of team performance measure c | 2.03(1), p = 0.15 | |||||
| Third party | 31 | 0.56 (0.08) | 0.40, 0.72 | 6.79 | <0.001 | |
| Objective | 62 | 0.61 (0.06) | 0.48, 0.73 | 9.70 | <0.001 | |
Note. The df of the Q-value represents the total number of combinations of the targeted dimensions minus 1.
a: The total k of this moderator is greater than 45 as many interventions targeted more than one dimension of teamwork. Because of this, each category within this moderator was analyzed independently (i.e., whether each teamwork dimension was targeted or not targeted in the intervention); as a result, it was not possible to calculate a Q value for this moderator.
b: The total k of this moderator is less than 45 as one intervention was unclear in terms of the exact teamwork dimensions targeted.
c: The total k of this moderator is greater than 45 as many studies used more than one type of criterion measure of team performance. Because of this, each category within this moderator was analyzed independently.