Fig. 2.

Summary figure. In the healthy state cardiac and vascular adipose tissues resemble BAT. During obesity these tissues become hypertrophic, inflammatory and dysfunctional driving endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Maternal and early life (intra/extra-uterine environment), Cold exposure (SNS mediated norepinephrine release), exercise (myokine/cardiomyokine secretion), Pharmacological activation (β3 agonists and GLP1 receptor agonists) and dietary factors (nitrates/fatty acids) may modulate cardiovascular health by restoring the brown phenotype in these tissues.