Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Intervention | Participants | Moderators | Effect sizes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Program name | Number of sessions | Country | Target group | Child’s age | Adaptationsa | Methodological rigorb | Parenting behavior | Child behavior | Parental perspectives | |
| Bjørknes and Manger 2013 | Parent Management Training–Oregon Model (PMTO) | 18 | Norway | Muslim immigrant mothers from Somalia and Pakistan, who described their child’s behavior as a conduct problem | 3–9 | D/D/B | 0/0/0 | 0.24 | 0.30 | – |
| Brotman et al. 2011 | ParentCorps | 13 | USA | Parents of children enrolled in prekindergarten in schools in large urban school districts | 4 | D/L/E | 0/0/0 | 0.44 | – | – |
| Coard et al. 2007 | Black Parenting Strengths and Strategies (BPSS) | 12 | USA | Low-income caregivers who self-identified as African American | 5–6 | D/D/E | 0/0/1 | 1.22 | 0.54 | – |
| Day et al. 2012 | Empowering Parents, Empowering Communities | 8 | UK | Socially disadvantaged families who identified difficulties in managing the child’s behavior | 2–11 | S/L/B | 0/0/0 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.16 |
| Fagan and Stevenson 2002 | Men as Teachers | 6 | USA | African American fathers of children enrolled in services for low-income families | 5.9 (mean) | D/L/B | 1/0/1 | 0.43 | – | 0.31 |
| Ghosh Ippen 1999 | (No name) | 9 | USA | Low-income caregivers who self-identified as Latino | 8–11 | S/L/E | 1/1/1 | 0.29 | 0.08 | – |
| Gottfredson et al. 2006 | Strengthening Washington DC Families Project | 14 | USA | Parent’s living in high-risk neighborhoods | 0–12 | B/L/E | 1/1/0 | 0.00 | −0.04 | – |
| Gross et al. 2003 | Incredible Years Parenting Program | 12 | USA | Parents of children enrolled in day care centers that serve low-income families | 2–3 | S/L/E | 0/1/0 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.42 |
| Gross et al. 2009 | Chicago Parent Program | 12 | USA | Parents of children enrolled in day care centers that serve low-income families | 2–4 | S/D/E | 0/0/0 | −0.07 | −0.02 | −0.04 |
| Kim et al. 2008 | Incredible Years Parenting Program | 12 | USA | First generation Korean American mothers | 3–8 | S/L/B | 0/0/1 | 0.10 | 0.01 | – |
| Kim et al. 2014 | Korean Parent Training Program (KPTP) | 12 | USA | First generation Korean American mothers | 3–8 | D/D/B | 0/0/1 | 0.76 | 0.51 | 0.51 |
| Lau et al. 2011 | Incredible Years Parenting Program | 14 | USA | Chinese American parents with concerns about parenting or child behavior problems | 5–12 | D/L/E | 0/0/1 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.40 |
| Leijten et al. 2015 | Incredible Years Parenting Program | 12 to 18c | The Netherlands | Mothers experiencing parenting difficulties due to disruptive child behavior, recruited from outpatient clinics for child and adolescent psychiatry and in deprived neighborhoods | 3–8 | S/L/E | 0/0/0 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.07 |
| Matsumoto et al. 2007 | Triple P Positive Parenting Program | 8 | Australia | Japanese Australian caregivers | 2–10 | S/L/B | 0/0/1 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.47 |
| Taylor et al. 1997 | Group Well Child Care | 7 | USA | Mothers with one or more risk factors: poverty, single marital status at delivery, less than high school education, age less than 20 years at delivery, previous substance abuse or history of abuse as a child. | 0 | B/L/B | 1/0/0 | 0.16 | 0.11 | – |
| Turner et al. 2007 | Triple P Positive Parenting Program | 8 | Australia | Australian indigenous families with concerns about the child’s behavior or parenting skills | 1–13 | D/L/B | 0/0/1 | 0.56 | 0.15 | – |
| Webster-Stratton 1998 | PARTNERS | 8 to 9 | USA | Mothers of children enrolled in day care centers for low-income families | 4 | S/L/B | 1/0/0 | 0.33 | 0.10 | – |
| Webster-Stratton et al. 2001 | Incredible Years Parenting Program | 12 | USA | Mothers of children enrolled in day care centers for low-income families | 4 | S/L/B | 1/0/0 | 0.04 | 0.14 | – |
| Overall effect size | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.18 | |||||||
aModerators: cultural sensitivity (B = basic, S = surface structure, D = deep structure), process of adaptation (L = no to little information, D = detailed information), program delivery (B = basic, E = enhanced)
bModerators: type of comparison condition (0 = no intervention, 1 = alternate intervention), intervention condition (0 = parent group alone, 1 = parent group plus additional intervention), sample size (0 = more than 35 per condition, 1 = 35 or less per condition)
cDuring the study, the number of sessions for the program was extended by the developer