Table 1.

Characteristics of the survey sample (n = 11,576; un-weighted data)

Variable	Categories	Men		Women
		n	%	n	%
Age	less than 40	1374	26.0	1430	22.7
	40 to 59	2095	39.6	2293	36.5
	60 and older	1819	34.4	2565	40.8
Marital status	married	4378	82.8	4294	68.3
	widowed	151	2.9	1442	22.9
	separated	52	1.0	82	1.3
	divorced	218	4.1	268	4.3
	single	489	9.3	202	3.2
Highest parental education	did not complete elementary school	2280	43.1	2932	46.6
	elementary school	1500	28.4	1617	25.7
	middle school	585	11.1	709	11.3
	high school	644	12.2	703	11.2
	technical college	56	1.1	75	1.2
	university	203	3.8	231	3.7
	graduate school	20	0.4	21	0.3
Economic conditions in childhood	very poor	566	10.7	581	9.2
	poor	1899	35.9	1914	30.4
	average	2228	42.1	2843	45.2
	rich	542	10.3	859	13.7
	very rich	53	1.0	91	1.5
Educational attainment	did not complete elementary school	420	7.9	1485	23.6
	elementary school	901	17.0	1373	21.8
	middle school	658	12.4	782	12.4
	high school	1792	33.9	1722	27.4
	technical college	407	7.7	298	4.7
	university	956	18.1	577	9.2
	graduate school	154	2.9	51	0.8
Received inheritance	yes	1452	27.5	960	15.3
	no	3836	72.5	5328	84.7
Household income	<1000	1205	22.8	1985	31.6
	1000-1999	1199	22.7	1418	22.6
	2000-2999	972	18.4	998	15.9
	3000-3999	680	12.9	654	10.4
	4000-4999	479	9.1	476	7.6
	5000-5999	246	4.7	246	3.9
	6000-6999	193	3.7	199	3.2
	7000-7999	139	2.6	127	2.0
	8000-8999	67	1.3	63	1.0
	9000-999	33	0.6	38	0.6
	>10000	75	1.4	84	1.3
Depressive symptoms	few (0–8 on the CES-D)	4154	78.6	4258	67.7
	regular (9 or more on the CES-D)	1134	21.4	2030	32.3