Table 2.
Maternal characteristics by prenatal opioid agonist treatment for 332 pregnancies
| Characteristic | Mean and standard deviation or number and proportion | Mean difference or risk ratio and 95% CI (adjusted for year of birth) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buprenorphine (N = 82) | Methadone (N = 245) | Buprenorphine and methadone (N = 5) | Buprenorphine versus methadone | |
| Maternal age (years) | 28.1 ± 5.1 | 27.7 ± 5.1 | 27.2 ± 3.3 | 0.76 (−0.55, 2.07) |
| Year of deliverya | ||||
| 2009–2010 | 60 (73.2) | 114 (46.5) | 3 (60.0) | 1.57 (1.30, 1.90) |
| 2006–2008 | 22 (26.8) | 131 (53.5) | 2 (40.0) | 1.0 |
| Number of fetuses | ||||
| Singleton | 80 (97.6) | 241 (98.4) | 5 (100) | – |
| Twin | 2 (2.4) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Prenatal care | 82 (100) | 241 (0.99) | 5 (100) | – |
| Gestational age at presentation for care (weeks) | 16.4 ± 8.9 | 17.2 ± 8.9 | 11.8 ± 8.6 | −0.16 (−2.46, 2.13) |
| Number of prenatal care visits | 11.5 ± 4.7 | 8.7 ± 4.3 | 11.6 ± 2.2 | 3.06 (1.92, 4.20) |
| Initial daily dose of opioid agonist therapy (mg) | 12.0 ± 6.5 | 68.3 ± 37.4 | 12.0 ± 4.0 | – |
| Stopped agonist therapy during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| No | 80 (97.6) | 245 (100) | 5 (100) | |
| Daily dose of opioid agonist therapy at delivery (mg) | 15.1 ± 7.5 | 89.3 ± 41.7 | 77.0 ± 28.9 | – |
| Smoked cigarettes | 54 (65.9) | 164 (66.9) | 4 (80.0) | – |
| Hepatitis C infected | 32 (39.0) | 134 (54.7) | 4 (80.0) | – |
| Prescribed SSRIs | 14 (17.1) | 38 (15.5) | 2 (40.0) | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) 1.0 |
| Prescribed benzodiazepines | 14 (17.1) | 51 (20.8) | 0 (0) | 0.81 (0.47, 1.39) 1.0 |
| Prescribed antipsychotics | 1 (1.2) | 18 (7.4) | 0 (0) | 0.15 (0.02, 1.12) 1.0 |
| Other prescribed psychiatric medications | 9 (11.0) | 15 (6.1) | 2 (40.0) | 1.60 (0.72, 3.60) 1.0 |
| Urine screen | ||||
| ≥1 | 78 (95.1) | 233 (95.1) | 5 (100) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) |
| None | 4 (4.9) | 12 (4.9) | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
| Positive urine screen | ||||
| ≥1 | 31 (39.7) | 123 (52.8) | 5 (100) | 0.74 (0.55, 1.01) |
| None | 47 (60.3) | 220 (47.2) | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
| Cocaine urine screen | ||||
| Positive | 5 (6.4) | 63 (27.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0.24 (0.10, 0.57) |
| Negative | 73 (93.6) | 170 (73.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1.0 |
| Non-prescribed opioid urine screen | ||||
| Positive | 22 (28.2) | 90 (38.6) | 5 (100) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.02) |
| Negative | 56 (71.8) | 143 (61.4) | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
| Non-prescribed benzodiazepines urine screen | ||||
| Positive | 7 (9.0) | 18 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 1.27 (0.54, 2.98) |
| Negative | 71 (91.0) | 215 (92.3) | 5 (100) | 1.0 |
| Non-prescribed amphetamine urine screen | ||||
| Positive | 3 (3.9) | 7 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 1.34 (0.34, 5.31) |
| Negative | 75 (96.1) | 226 (97.0) | 5 (100) | 1.0 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | 55 (67.1) | 138 (56.3) | 3 (60.0) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) |
| Cesarean section | 27 (32.9) | 107 (43.7) | 2 (40.0) | 1.0 |
| Anesthesia during delivery | ||||
| Yes | 76 (93.8) | 209 (90.9) | 5 (100) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) |
| No | 5 (6.2) | 21 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
Missing data: Initial daily dose of opioid agonist therapy, three women treated with buprenorphine, six women treated with methadone; Gestational age at first prenatal visit, one woman treated with methadone. Number of prenatal care visits, two women treated with methadone; Smoking, 12 women treated with buprenorphine, 52 women treated with methadone, 1 woman treated with methadone and buprenorphine; Hepatitis C infection, 11 women treated with buprenorphine, 62 women treated with methadone, 1 woman treated with methadone and buprenorphine; Anesthesia, one women treated with buprenorphine, and 15 women treated with methadone
aUnadjusted result