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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 14.
Published in final edited form as: Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2016 Apr 7;768:53–67. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.03.006

Table 1.

Categories of DNA damage.

DNA damage category Structures and names Agents Ref.
N2-alkylG graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0011.jpg Alkylation agents:
Formaldehyde,
Ethanol,
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, et al.		 [13,14,16,17]
N2,N2-dialkylG graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0012.jpg Alkylation agents:
Formaldehyde		 [16]
N6-alkylA graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0013.jpg Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:
benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P),
et al.		 [20]
O6-alkylG graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0014.jpg Alkylation agents [18,19]
Oxidized lesion graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0015.jpg Oxidation agents,
ionizing radiation,
UV irradiation, et al.		 [25,26]
Etheno (ε) DNA adducts graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0016.jpg Bioactivated Vinyl monomers:
mutagens vinyl chloride,
vinyl carbamate,
et al.		 [20,21]
DNA-DNA or DNA-protein cross-links graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0017.jpg Bis-
electrophilic agents:
1,3-butadiene,
et al.		 [22–24]
Arylation adducts graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0018.jpg Arylamines
and
N-acetyl arylamines,
1-Nitropyrene,
et al.		 [27,28]
DNA-DNA coordinated
 cross-links		 graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0019.jpg Heavy metal ions:
Cr (III) ion		 [29]
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photoproduct graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0020.jpg UV radiation,
et al.		 [30,31]
Apurinic/
 apyrimidinic (AP) sites		 graphic file with name nihms-838738-t0021.jpg Spontaneous, chemically-
induced, enzyme-
catalyzed hydrolysis of the N-glycosyl bond		 [32]