Table 1.
Baseline data in all patients in the study population, in patients with no kidney disease (NKD), and in patients with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Variables are compared between NKD and AKI
| Demographic Variable | All patients N = 892 | No Kidney Disease (NKD) N = 704 | Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) N = 153 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median; IQR) | 37 (30–52) | 36 (28–50) | 41 (32–58) | 0 · 0008 |
| Male sex | 500 (56 · 1%) | 388 (55 · 1%) | 92 (60 · 1%) | 0 · 257 |
| Medical History | ||||
| HIV | 391 (43 · 8%) | 281 (39 · 9%) | 90 (58 · 8%) | <0 · 0001 |
| HTN | 109 (12 · 2%) | 78 (11 · 1%) | 24 (15 · 7%) | 0 · 112 |
| CVDa | 52 (5 · 8%) | 39 (5 · 6%) | 12 (7 · 8%) | 0 · 277 |
| TB | 43 (4 · 8%) | 28 (4 · 0%) | 15 (9 · 8%) | 0 · 003 |
| DM | 34 (3 · 8%) | 20 (2 · 9%) | 10 (6 · 5%) | 0 · 025 |
| Liver Disease | 8 (0 · 9%) | 5 (0 · 7%) | 3 (2 · 0%) | 0 · 145 |
| Malignancy | 7 (0 · 8%) | 3 (0 · 4%) | 3 (2 · 0%) | 0 · 48 |
| Known CKD | 5 (0 · 6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1 · 3%) | 0 · 027 |
| Medications | ||||
| NSAID | 339 (38 · 1%) | 259 (37 · 0%) | 66 (43 · 1%) | 0 · 153 |
| TDF ART | 311 (34 · 9%) | 234 (33 · 2%) | 66 (43 · 1%) | 0 · 02 |
| Diuretic | 144 (16 · 2%) | 109 (15 · 5%) | 26 (17 · 0%) | 0 · 652 |
| ACEi or ARB | 31 (3 · 5%) | 19 (2 · 7%) | 6 (3 · 9%) | 0 · 419 |
| Non TDF ART | 13 (1 · 5%) | 3 (0 · 4%) | 6 (3 · 9%) | 0 · 001 |
| Admission Diagnosis | ||||
| LRTI | 215 (24 · 1%) | 196 (27 · 8%) | 16 (10 · 4%) | <0 · 0001 |
| Sepsisb unclear source | 104 (11 · 6%) | 81 (11 · 5%) | 21 (13 · 7%) | 0 · 442 |
| GE | 79 (8 · 9%) | 46 (6 · 5%) | 30 (19 · 6%) | <0 · 0001 |
| Meningitis | 66 (7 · 4%) | 61 (8 · 7%) | 5 (3 · 3%) | 0 · 023 |
| Stroke | 63 (7 · 1%) | 51 (7 · 2%) | 8 (5 · 2%) | 0 · 37 |
| Heart Failure | 62 (7 · 0%) | 45 (6 · 4%) | 13 (8 · 5%) | 0 · 348 |
| Symptomatic Anaemia | 60 (6 · 7%) | 45 (6 · 4%) | 11 (7 · 2%) | 0 · 718 |
| TB | 43 (4 · 8%) | 28 (4 · 0%) | 15 (9 · 8%) | 0 · 003 |
| Malaria | 33 (3 · 7%) | 21 (3 · 0%) | 9 (5 · 9%) | 0 · 077 |
| Liver failure | 26 (2 · 9%) | 14 (2 · 0%) | 11 (7 · 2%) | 0 · 001 |
| Disseminated malignancy | 17 (1 · 9%) | 14 (2 · 0%) | 3 (2 · 0%) | 0 · 982 |
| Other | 124 (13 · 9%) | 102 (14 · 5%) | 11 (7 · 2%) | 0 · 45 |
AKI acute kidney injury, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HTN hypertension, CVD cardiovascular disease, TB tuberculosis, DM diabetes mellitus CKD chronic kidney disease, NSAID non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, TDF ART tenofovir based antiretroviral therapy, ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, LRTI lower respiratory tract infection (including pleural effusion), GE gastroenteritis
aischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral vascular disease
bclinical diagnosis